 中文国名：意大利共和国B中
意大利语国名：Italia - 全称 La Repubblica ItalianaBuz
独立日：3月17日（1861年）了了
国庆日：6月2日（1946年）9y
全国解放日：4月25日（1945年）9 来D
国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比为3：2。旗面由三个平行相等的竖长方形相连构成，从左至右依次为绿、白、红三色。意大利原来国旗的颜色与法国国旗相同，1796年才把蓝色改为绿色。据记载，1796年拿破仑的的意大利军团在征战中曾使用由拿破仑本人设计的绿、白、红三色旗。1946年意大利共和国建立，正式规定绿、白、红三色旗为共和国国旗。 何 生x
国徽：呈圆形。中心图案是一个带红边的五角星，象征意大利共和国；五角星背后是一个大齿轮，象征劳动者；齿轮周围由橄榄枝叶和橡树叶环绕，象征和平与强盛。底部的红色绶带上用意大利文写着“意大利共和国”。x9
国歌：《马梅利之o歌》 北美枫aC
国花：雏菊 v大
国石：珊瑚是全
面积：30.1万平方公里c
货币： 欧元z
人口：5875.2万（截止到2006年1月1日）。94％的居民为意大利人，少数民族有法兰西人、拉丁人、罗马人、弗留里人等。讲意大利语，个别地区讲法语和德语。大部分居民信奉天主教。u要
意大利境内还有两个主权袖珍2国：梵蒂冈的和 一d圣 d有马利诺。7了
首都：罗马D我j
语言：意大利语e花大
国家政要：总统乔治·纳波利塔诺 (Giorgio Napolitano) ，2006年5月当选；总理西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼 (Silvio Berlusconi),2008年5月任职；参议院和众议院议长佛朗哥·马里尼和福斯托·贝尔蒂诺蒂，2006年4月当选 。 不这 日m
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意大利全称“意大利共和国”，位于欧洲南部，包括亚平宁半岛及西西里岛、撒丁岛等岛屿。北与法国，瑞士，奥地利，南斯拉夫接壤，东西南三面临亚得里亚海和地中海。
意大利古时称过“艾诺利亚”“艾斯佩利亚”“威大利亚”，后因语言变化“威”音变“意”，即称“意大利亚”，意为“小牛生长的乐园”。又有人说，“意大利”名称是由该国一个古代部落首领的名字演变而来的。意大利为罗马帝国的发祥地。2至3世纪为古罗马帝国全盛时期，版图遍及整个地中海沿岸。14至15世纪文艺空前繁荣，成为欧洲“文艺复兴”的摇篮。此后几经分裂和外族入侵。1861年成立王国。1870年实现统一，建成意大利王国。1946年6月2日正式命名为“意大利共和国”。是x
同其他西方发达国家相比，意大利存在着资源贫乏、工业起步较晚的劣势。但意大利注意适时调整经济政策，重视研究和引进新技术，促进经济发展。矿产资源仅有水力、地热、天然气、大理石、汞、硫磺等资源，还有少量铅、铝、锌和铝矾土等。工业主要以加工工业为主，所需能源和原料依赖外国进口，工业产品的1／3以上供出口。国家参与制企业比较发达，意大利的原油年加工能力为1亿吨左右，有“欧洲炼油厂”之称；钢产量居欧洲第二；塑料工业、拖拉机制造业、电力工业等也位居世界前列。伊利、埃尼和埃菲姆三大国营财团掌握着经济命脉，在全国工业产值中约占1／3，经营范围涉及钢铁、造船、机械、石油、化工、军火等部门。中小企业在经济中占有重要地位，近70％的国内生产总值由这些企业创造，因此被世人称为“中小企业王国”。在制革、制鞋、纺织、家具、首饰、酿酒、机械、大理石开采及电子工业等部门均占优势，具有专业化程度高、适应能力强、劳动力安排富于伸缩性和产品出口的比例大等优点。以家庭式微型企业为主的“地下经济”十分繁荣，产值约占国内生产总值的15％。农业可耕地面积约占全国总面积的10％。意大利旅游资源丰富，气候湿润，风景秀丽，文物古迹很多，有良好的海滩和山区，公路四通八达，旅馆多为中小型。主要旅游城市是罗马、佛罗伦萨和威尼斯。7自
旅游业发达，旅游收入是弥补国家收支逆差的重要来源。旅游业营业额达150万亿里拉（约合714亿多美元），约占国内生产总值的6％，净收入约53万亿里拉（约合252亿多美元）。对外贸易是意大利经济的主要支柱，外贸连年顺差，是继日本、德国之后世界第三大贸易顺差国。进口主要以石油、原料和食品等为主，出口以机械设备、化工产品、家用电器、纺织、服装、皮鞋、金银首饰等轻工产品为主。国外市场主要在欧洲，进出口主要对象为欧盟和美国。9D
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301318.4平方公里。位于欧洲南部，包括亚平宁半岛以及西西里岛、撒丁岛等岛屿。北以阿尔卑斯山为屏障与法国、瑞士、奥地利和斯洛文尼亚接壤，东、西、南三面临地中海的属海亚德里亚海、爱奥尼亚海和第勒尼安海，并且与突尼斯、马耳他和阿尔及利亚隔海相望。海岸线长约7200多公里。全境4／5为山丘地带。有阿尔卑斯山脉和亚平宁山脉。意、法边境的勃朗峰(Monte Bianco)海拔4810米，居欧洲第二；有著名的维苏威火山和欧洲最大的活火山——埃特纳火山。最大河流是波河(po)。较大湖泊有加尔达湖(Lago di Garda)、马焦雷湖(Lago Maggiore)、科摩湖(Lago di Como)等。大部分地区属亚热带地中海气候。年平均气温1月2～10℃，7月23～26℃。年平均降水量500～1000毫米。
行政区划：全国划分为20个行政区，共103个省，8088个市（镇）。20个行政区是：皮埃蒙特、瓦莱达奥斯塔、伦巴第、特伦蒂诺上阿迪杰、威尼托、弗留利－威尼斯朱利亚、利古里亚、艾米利亚－罗马涅、托斯卡纳、翁布里亚、拉齐奥、马尔凯、阿布鲁齐、莫利塞、坎帕尼亚、普利亚、巴西利卡塔、卡拉布里亚、西西里岛、撒丁岛。 要大
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据古代神话，罗慕路斯（Romulus）——传说他和孪生兄弟雷穆斯（Remus）是由母狼抚养和哺育的——于公元前753年建立了罗马。事实上，自公元前2000年左右，古意大利部落就居住于此。从公元前900年开始，伊特鲁里亚文明开始发展，而在公元前3世纪末期，古罗马人占领了伊特鲁里亚城。r
新罗马共和国延伸到意大利南部，在公元前241年的第二次迦太基战争（Second Punic War）后，将西西里纳入自己的版图。公元前202年，罗马击败了迦太基，将西班牙和希腊纳入版图。在凯撒的统治下，罗马征服了高卢和埃及。而在凯撒被刺杀以后，凯撒的养子屋大维（Octavius）击败了对手马克·安东尼和埃及女王克娄巴特拉，于公元前27年建立了古罗马帝国，并被尊为奥古斯都·凯撒（Augustus Caesar）。君士坦丁大帝（Emperor Constantine）宣布基督教为国教，并于公元330年迁都拜占庭（君士坦丁堡），但不久就被哥特人和汪达尔人灭亡。在随后的几个世纪里，匈奴人和阿拉伯人不断从南边侵入这块土地。大大
意大利中世纪最显著的特征就是北部强大城邦的崛起。15世纪，文艺复兴造就了多那太罗（Donatello）、波提切利（Botticelli）、达·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci）、拉斐尔（Raffello）和米开朗基罗（Michelangelo）等艺术天才。到了16世纪早期，意大利大部分领土处于奥地利哈布斯堡王朝统治之下。在拿破仑于1796年入侵之后，消失了几个世纪的统一迹象又重新显现。19世纪60年代，在爱国者马志尼（Giuseppe Mazzini）和加里波第（Giuseppe Garibaldi）的努力下，统一运动（意大利复兴运动）蓬勃开展。1861年，意大利王国宣布成立，国王埃马努埃莱二世（Vittorio Emanuele）成为了统治者。以 有山
1921年，墨索里尼(Mossolini)的法西斯党掌握了国家大权。墨索里尼在“二战”中和德国结盟，后于1945年4月被意大利游击队击毙。上
意大利是1957年成立欧洲经济共同体时的六个创始国之一。该国的经济曾在一段时期有所增长，但在20世纪90年代遭遇了经济和政治危机。巨大的贿赂丑闻震惊全国。为了加入欧洲货币联盟（EMU），意大利不得不进行财政紧宿。另外，在1992年一些著名的反黑手党法官被暗杀之后，意大利果断地展开了打击西西里黑手党(Mafia)的斗争。 A
从2001年起，媒体巨头西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼(Silvio Berusconi)一直担任该国的总理，领导着右翼意大利力量党（Forza Italia）。他在任期间引起了很多人的失望，不断有人指责其腐败。花来说a个
2006年4月，罗马诺·普罗迪领导的中左翼联盟在意大利议会选举中以微弱优势战胜贝卢斯科尼领导的中右翼联盟。普罗迪出任意大利总理。大
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【宪 法】现行宪法是1947年12月22日由立宪大会通过。宪法规定意大利是一个建立在劳动基础上的民主共和国。总统对外代表国家，由参、众两院联席会议选出。总理由总统任命，对议会负责。议会是最高立法和监督机构，由参议院和众议院组成。两院具有同等权力，各自可通过决议，但两院决议相互关联。除少数终身参议员外，参、众议员均由普选产生，任期5年。议会的主要职能是：制定和修改宪法和法律，选举总统，审议和通过对政府的信任或不信任案，监督政府工作，讨论和批准国家预算、决算，对总统、总理、部长有弹劾权，决定战争状态和授予政府必要的政治决定权力等。在总统选举和宣誓就职等特殊情况下，两院举行联席会议。我如B5
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【司 法】最高司法委员会是最高司法权力机构，拥有独立司法体制和任命法官的权力，有法官的任命、分配、调遣、提升和规定措施等项权力。由33人组成，总统任主席，最高法院院长和总检察长为当然成员。其他成员由议会选举的10位委员（律师和司法教授）和全体法官选出的20位法官组成，任期4年，不得连任和兼职。宪法法院主要是检查和监督法律条文是否符合宪法，由15名法官组成，任期9年，不得兼职，享有豁免权。此外，还依次设有地方调解法官、初审法院（轻罪）、法庭、初审法院（负责民事和刑事案件）、上诉法院、审计院（主管公共账目和养老金）等。h和 8如
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【行政区划】 全国划分为20个行政区,10o3个省,8088个市镇。20个行政区包括十五个普通 一D自治行政区：皮埃蒙特、伦巴第、威内托、z利古里亚、艾米利亚－罗马涅、托斯卡纳、翁布里亚、拉齐奥、马尔凯、阿布鲁佐、莫利塞、坎帕尼亚、普利亚、巴西利卡塔、卡z拉布里亚和由少数民族、历史和边远地的区等原因而设立的五个特花别自治行政区瓦莱·达奥斯塔、特伦x蒂诺－小上阿迪杰、弗留利－威尼斯 北美枫5·朱利亚、西西里岛及撒丁岛。ze
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【司法机构】 最高司法委员会是最高司法权力机构，拥有独立司法体制和任命法官的权力，有法官的任命、分配、调遣、提升和规定措施等项权力。由33人组成，总统任主席，最高法院院长和总检察长为当然成员。其他成员由议会选举的10位委员（律师和司法教授）和全体法官选出的20位法官组成，任期4年，不得连任和兼职。宪法法院主要是检查和监督法律条文是否符合宪法，由15名法官组成，任期9年，不得兼职，享有豁免权。宪法法院院长莱那托·格拉那塔（Renato Granatta），最高法院院长维托里奥·斯格罗伊（Vittorio Sgroi）。花6
此外，还依次设有地方调解法官、初审法院（轻罪）、法庭、初审法院（负责民事和刑事案件）、上诉法院、审计院（主管公共账目和养老金）等。是0
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（１）意大利力量党（Forza Italia）：199如4年1月由西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼 ( Silvio Berluscon小i ) 创建。该党于1994年3月全国大选前组建，f3们其主要力量来自贝卢斯科尼领导的菲宁韦斯1日以特集团和原传统执政党衰落后分化出来的部北美枫5p分力量。取得了同年3月全国大选（得票21％山q大）和6月欧洲议会选举的胜利，成为意政坛举D足轻重的政治力量。在1996年的大选中力量有 d这所下降，得票率仅为20.6%；在2000年4月意地方选举中力量明显加强。在2001年全国大选中获 y为胜， y1得票率高达29.5%，l成为全国第一大党。2000年党员登记人数30万人。来 北美文学网自
（２）意大利左翼民主党（Partito Democratico della Sinistra Italiana）：前身为1921年成立的意大利共产党，1991年改为此名。该党1947年之后一直为意主要反对党，具有完整的组织机制和比较广泛的群众基础。在1996年4月的大选中，该党得票21.2%,成为执政联盟的中坚力量。1998年2月该党率先倡议并推动建立了在暂不解散各自组织前提下，由左民党、工党、共和党左翼、团结共产党人、基督教社会运动等五支左翼力量组成的“左翼民主人士党”（Democratici di Sinistra）的新政党。党员67万人（2000年）。2000年1月，该党在都灵召开一大，选举韦尔特罗尼（Walter Veltroni）全国书记，达留任主席。在2001年全国大选中，左民党仅获16·6％的选票，跌至历史最低点，失去执政地位。同年11月，该党在佩萨罗召开二大，选举法西诺（Piero Fassino）为总书记，达莱马留任主席。jr
（３）雏菊联盟（Margherita）由意大利人民党（PPI）、民主人士党（Democratici）、意大利革新党和欧洲民主联盟（UDEUR）等中左阵营的中间党派组成。在2001年全国大选中获选票14.5%。领导人为原罗马市长、中左联盟的总理候选人佛朗切斯科·卢泰利（Francesco Rutelli）。春年o全
（4）民族联盟（Alleanza Nazionale）：前身是成立于1946年的原意大利社会运动─国家右派，因其极右色彩而处境较为孤立。1993年底启用现名。改革后以较温和的面孔出现，其力量迅速扩大。1994年3月大选中得票13·5％，并首次入阁参政。1998年2月召开纲领大会，明确宣布割断与法西斯历史的关系，致力于树立新右翼政党形象。2000年党员登记人数53.2万。在2001年6月大选获得12%的选票，重返执政地位。该党领导人姜佛朗科·菲尼出任副总理。时0
（５）意大利重建共产党（Partito della Rifondazione Comunista Italiana）：1991年12月在原意大利共产党部分力量基础上重新组建。该党坚持传统的左翼意识形态，强调维护广大劳动者、特别是中下层群众的利益。1996年大选中获得8.6%的选票，成为中左联盟议会多数不可缺少的力量。2000年重建共党员人数为9万。2001年大选中，重建共退出中左联盟独立参选，得票率为5%。总书记法乌斯托·贝尔蒂诺蒂（Fausto Bertinotti）。Dhs
（6）北方联盟（Lega Nord）： 原名伦巴底联盟，成立于1984年4月，该党代表广大中小企业的利益，主张联邦主义和地方自治，其力量和影响主要集中在北方地区。在1996年大选中，得票率高达10.1%。后由于该党把联邦制主张推向极端,大搞分裂意大利的活动, 因而受到意政府、议会及广大公众舆论的强烈反对，影响力和支持率有所下降。该党在2000年地方选举时放弃分离主义。在2001年大选中得票率仅为3.9%，但由于加入中右联盟而入阁参政。书记翁贝托·博西（Umberto Bossi）。上北美文学网
（7）白花联盟(Biancofiore)是由天主教民主中心（CCD）和团结基督教民主人士（CDU）两个右翼阵营的中间党派组成，领袖分别是皮埃尔·费尔迪南多·卡西尼（Pier Ferdinando Casini）和罗可·布蒂利奥内（Rocco Buttiglione）。该联盟在1996年和2001年两次选举中分别获得5.8％和3.2%的选票。D
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【重要人物】以们
卡罗·阿泽利奥·钱皮：总统。1920年出生。毕业于比萨大学文学系和法律系。意知名经济学家和金融专家。无党派人士。1979年出任意央行行长，1993年至1994年曾任政府总理。1996年出任国库部长。1999年当选总统。我来年我h
西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼：总理。1936年出生。意著名企业家，拥有财富约15亿美元。他创办的菲宁韦斯特集团年营业额达70亿里拉，掌握着全国最大的三家私营电视台、著名的AC米兰足球俱乐部、蒙达多里出版社、《时代》和《全景》周刊有《日报》等大报刊以及金融、保险、商业等部门公司企业共300家成为意国内仅次于菲亚特集团的第二大私营集团。1994年，他创建“意大利力量”并在当年大选中获胜，出任战后第53届政府总理。七个月后下台。2001年5月，贝领导中右联盟“自由之家”再次赢得全国大选胜利，6月出任第59届政府总理。不了和
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总统为武装部队最高统帅。总理对国防政策及军队建设负有全部责任。最高国防委员会为国防决策机构，总统任主席。国防部为最高军事行政机关，负责武装力量的建设和管理。国防参谋部为最高军事指挥机构，下辖陆军、海军、空军参谋部和宪兵总部。参谋长委员会为国防部最高咨询机构，成员有国防参谋长、三军参谋长、国防秘书长和宪兵部司令，由国防参谋长任主席。国防体制是以国防部长（文官）为首，国防参谋长和国防秘书长分别主管军事和后勤管理的双轨制。意大利是欧盟和北约成员。北约南欧盟军5个司令部均设在意大利境内。美国在意还设有许多军事基地和设施。2004年7月，意大利众议院通过军事改革法案。按照法案，意大利实施了一百多年的义务兵役制度将从2005年1月1日起取消。D我z
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3一月
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受全球经济不景气的影响，2001年意经济增长缓慢，低于政府2％预期。中右政府上台后推出振兴经济的“百日计划”，包括鼓励投资、增加就业、取消遗产和赠予税、减轻企业负担、促进工业和基础设施建设、改革劳动用工制度、减少医疗开支、提高养老金最低额度、逐渐取消地下经济和采用高新技术等内容，受到企业主的欢迎，但劳资矛盾有所加剧。r不B
【资源】矿产资源贫乏，仅有水力、地k热、天然气、大理t国自石、汞、硫磺等资来源， 人山还有少量铅、铝、锌和铝矾的土等。 k花这
【工业】四分之三的能源供给和主要工业原料依赖国外进口，而产品的1/3以上供出口。历史上意国家参与制企业比较发达。伊利、埃尼和埃菲姆曾是三大国营财团，在全国工业产值中约占1/3，经营范围涉及钢铁、造船、机械、石油、化工、军火等部门。上个世纪90年代以来，政府加快了国有企业私有化进程。中小企业在意经济中占有重要地位，在制革、制鞋、服装、纺织、家具、厨房设备、瓷砖、丝绸、首饰、酿酒、机械、大理石开采及机械工业等领域有较大优势，具有专业化程度高、适应能力强、产品出口比例大等特点。意原油加工能力居世界第六，年炼油量约1亿吨。2001年粗钢产量为2670万吨，塑料和拖拉机产量均居世界第六，发电量居世界第九。近几年，意注意开发以电子工业为主的新兴科技产业。目前，信息和通讯技术行业占国民生产总值的6.2％。 何大
【农牧渔业】 2000年农业产值为52.8万亿 来何里拉，占国内生产总值2.4％。由于多山和缺乏肥沃土壤，农业可耕地面积仅占全国总面 一d积的10％（1995年），1995年主要农业产值如下: C5农作物36065亿里拉，牲畜22431亿里拉，林业7330亿里拉，渔业2307亿里拉。2001年意蔬菜、豆类、水果的进出口为19.40亿欧元和28.53亿欧元，自分别比上年增加20.7%和10.7%。意是继法国之后日世界第二大葡萄酒生产国，2001年葡萄酒产量u为51亿升，比上年减少5％，约占世界总产量的五分之一，其出口赢利2000年为20亿欧元，20m日何01年头9个月为18亿欧元。除水果和蔬菜外，意q是q农产品的纯进口月国。o
【旅游业】旅游业发达，旅游收入是弥补国家收支逆差的重要来源。2001年，外国游客在意消费约2877.9万欧元，减少3.8％；意大利游客去国外旅游消费1568.1万欧元，减少7.9％；全年旅游纯赢利额为1309.8万欧元, 略高于上年的1289.3万欧元。意旅游资源丰富，气候湿润，风景秀丽，文物古迹很多，有良好的海滩和山区，公路四通八达。旅馆多为中小型，包括宾馆、露营地、旅游村和农业旅游住所等在内全国共有11.5万处，2000年接待本国游客4453万和外国游客3459万；留宿人次分别为本国人19481.3万，外国人13754.5万。主要旅游城市是罗马、佛罗伦萨和威尼斯。
【交通运输】国内运输主要依靠公路，公路担负客运量的2/3，货运量的70％。1989年的高速公路费收入大约为3万亿里拉，1998年为67980亿里拉，收益增加了一倍多。 vnu4
铁路：1995年总长19527公里，其中国营铁路占80％，其余为私营铁路。2001年国家铁路公司首次赢利2000万欧元。该集团现有10.6万员工，保障着每天7500辆火车的运行；年客运量为4.74亿人次，货运量8700万吨。该集团在长达16000公里的铁路上拥有80000辆机车车辆,还负责去撒丁岛横跨麦西纳海峡的轮渡。 日全7
公路：1995年总长为307771公里；全国机自动车为3030万辆，商用车为280万我这f辆，摩托车和机动脚踏两用花车620万辆。1996年公路运输为1755亿吨公里。199j9年意高速公路总长6453公里，并决定出售国有z高速公路的是股权，还将长达3万公国里 来C的公路交由地方日大区管说理。f4m lB
水运：由于特殊的地理位置，所以船运一直是货物运输的主要手段。1986年有商船、渔船2031艘，总吨位为806万吨；1995年抵港货物2.94亿吨；离港货物1.08亿吨（其中5100万吨运往国外）；全国有热那亚、那不勒斯(Napoli)、威尼斯(Venice)、的里雅斯特、塔兰托、里窝那、锡拉库扎等19个主要港口，由于在港口采取设立自主的管理机构、实行私有化和港口服务自由化等措施，所以其港口比地中海中部其他港口更具竞争力。大们
空运：1998年国际抵达为1790万人次，其中乘意大利航空公司飞机的旅客为660万人次；出发为1980万人次，其中乘意航为690万人次。主要机场有罗马的菲乌米奇诺，米兰的利纳特、马尔奔萨，都灵的卡塞莱等。7不s
【财政金融】巨额赤字和公共债务一直说sm是意经济的两大难题。1992年开始，意加大私 一5有化力度，先后对国民劳动银行（BNL）、意 d国大利信贷银行（1993年12月）和意大利商业银行（1994年3月）以及伊利、埃尼、国家保险公天司（INA）、国家电力公司、高速公路公司等和大型国有企业采取出售股份的方式实施私有花化。同时削减公共开支，并进行社会福利体制改革，财政状况不断改善，1999年首批加入欧洲经货联盟。2001年政府9财政赤字为176.14亿欧元(34北美文学网.3万亿8ln里拉)，约占国内生产总值的1.4％，国债约为1小2240亿欧元，占国民生产总值的109.4％，外汇储备47201亿美元，北美文学网其中黄金储备21635亿美北美文学网元。y
主要银行情况如下：圣保罗银行(San Paol 生人o Imi)，原名为都灵圣保罗银行，1563年成立，资产990亿欧元(2001年)； 2000年接管那不勒斯银m的s行，包括其16.2%的政府股份。意大利联合银行和（IntesaBci），由伦巴第省储蓄银行1998年与安小布罗威内托银行合并后，于1999年兼并帕尔马是储蓄银行和佛里乌利亚德里亚银行，继而于20j01年与意大利商业银行（BCI）合并而成,总资全和g产为963亿欧元（2001）。 (UniCredito )，是意首e家银行集团，1998年10月意大利信贷银行、罗洛银行和都灵合并为意大利联合信贷银行，1999年再次兼并特伦多和罗维雷托及的里亚斯特天储蓄银行，资产7322亿欧元(2001年)。罗马银行(Banca di Roma)，1880年3月9日成立，资产254亿欧元(2001年)；1997年收购了伊利集团33%的股份，19997年底购买意最后几家国有银行之一的中央中期信是贷银行（北美文学网M花ediocredito Centrale）。国民劳动银行（BNL），1913年8月成立，资产198亿欧元(2001年)。f国0
【对外贸易】对外贸易是意经济的主要们支柱。传统产品为出口创汇的主体，主要是北美文学网制造业占总产值的四分之一，占产品和服务和业出口的四分之三。尽管服务业产值是制造业的两倍，但多数服务业均与制造业产品营如销或供应有关。专业化工业区和政府鼓励出和口政策有效地促进了出口增长。意外贸连年 生自顺差，是继日本、德国之后世界第三大贸易北美文学网顺差国。由于石油涨价和欧元贬值，2001年意贸易顺差高达98亿欧元（19万亿里拉）；其中x进口几北美文学网乎同上年相同，总额为4954.990亿里拉（2601.79m来1亿北美文学网欧元），比上年增长0.6％，出口额 4982.010亿里拉(2697.01亿欧元)，比上年增长3.6％如，主要是增加了对俄罗斯、中国、中东欧和中东等新东方市场 k说的出口。
进口以石油、原料和食品等为主，出口以机械设备、化工产品、家用电器、纺织、服装、皮鞋、金银首饰等轻工产品为主。意国外市场主要在欧洲。 日1f
【著名公司】 几家著名大公司简况如下：wi自
（1）菲亚特集团（Gruppo Fiat ），全称意大利都灵汽车制造厂，1899年创办，1906年正式用现名。由阿涅利家族控制的企业，经营范围包括：各种形式的汽车及零部件、商用车辆、农用和建筑机械、冶金产品、生产系统、飞机和船用发动机、出版和通讯、金融和保险及商务服务等业务。 2000年，菲亚特集团营业额超过570亿欧元，在全球64个国家拥有1064家公司，共计22.3万名员工，其中11.1万多名分布在海外公司。其242家生产厂中有167家设在国外，131家研发中心有61家在海外。2000年菲亚特汽车公司共生产汽车243.9万辆，营业收入达250多亿欧元，占集团总收入的45.5%。2001年集团亏损7.91亿欧元。菲亚特集团是意大利足坛著名强队尤文图斯队及尤文图斯足球俱乐部的所有者。B上以
（2）国家碳化氢公司（Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi, ENI），亦称“埃尼集团”。1953年2月10日由国家控制的石油、天然气、石油化工企业合并而成。经营范围包括：原油、天然气、化学品和石油化工产品、核燃料、煤、机械设备、纺织原料和服装、采矿业与冶金，并承包工程建筑及贸易。2001年集团纯利润高达774.5万欧元,比上年增加197.4万欧元，约为34.2%。t天
【人民生活】 2001年全国就业总人数2151.4万,新增就业岗位43.4万,同比增长2.1%。其中农业人口112.6万，同比增长0.6％；工业人口684.1万,同比增长1.1％；建筑业人口170.7万，同比增长5.5％；服务业人口1354.8万，同比增长2.7％；失业人数206.1万，占9.5％。目前，平均每3.4人有一台电视机，每3.9人有一台收音机，每1.7人有一部电话，每千人有154份日报和565辆汽车。多年来，意人口出生一直呈零或负增长；2001年出生婴儿为54.4万，死亡人数54.41万，人口增长率为零，但人均寿命较长，男性的平均75.6岁，女性平均82.8岁。 日b以
【南方问题】 南方地区包括阿布鲁佐、莫利塞、坎帕尼亚、普利亚、卡拉布里亚、巴西利卡塔大区，以及西西里岛和撒丁岛。南部面积为12.3万平方公里，占全意的40.8％，人口2085万，占全国人口的36％。意虽然是欧盟的第四大经济强国，但由于历史原因，意南方经济和社会发展严重滞后，南北差距较大。某些省区甚至是欧盟中经济最落后的地方。1995年以来，尽管欧盟机构和意政府不断对该地区实行多种优惠政策，其发展变化仍不明显，已成为意的老大难问题。1999年意南方人均国内生产总值只是中北部地区的54.9％，人均收入低，失业率高，2001年南方失业人口145.6万，占全国的64.2％。失业率达20％左右，其中年轻人失业过半,妇女失业率为29.4%，黑工约占23.5%。 何 g
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主要报纸有：《晚邮报》《共和国报》《新闻报》《体育报》《24小时太阳报》《信使报》《今日报》《小报》。另外，还有一些地方报和主要政党的机关报。主要综合性期刊有：《展望》《快报》《时代》《欧洲人》和《基督教家庭》。安莎通讯社于1945年4月建立，是意最大的通讯社。意大利广播电视公司属国营伊利集团，向邮电部负责。广播电台有3套节目，年播音1. 8万多小时；有3个电视台，年播节目6000小时。此外，意还有大量私营广播电台和电视台。t
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提起文明古国意大利，人们立刻会联想到历史上显赫一时的古罗马帝国、1900年前毁于一旦的庞贝古城、闻名于世的比萨斜塔、文艺复兴的发祥地佛罗伦萨、风光旖旎的水城威尼斯、被誉为世界第八大奇迹的古罗马竞技场……庞贝古城遗址是由联合国教科文组织批准的世界遗产之一。公元79年，庞贝古城被附近的维苏威火山喷发后淹没，后来经过意大利考古学家挖掘，人们从庞贝古城遗址可以看出古罗马时代的社会生活。 d天4
公元14－15世纪，意大利文艺空前繁荣，成为欧洲“文艺复兴”运动的发源地，但丁、达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、拉斐尔、伽利略等文化与科学巨匠对人类文化的进步作出了无可比拟的巨大贡献。如今，在意大利各地都可见到精心保存下来的古罗马时代的宏伟建筑和文艺复兴时代的绘画、雕刻、古迹和文物。 8w v
意大利才是近代文明思想的诞生地。 国如
照亮人类近代文明之路的既不是葡、西在两国的地理大发现，也不是法国的启蒙运动北美文学网，更不是喜爱莎士比亚剧的英国女王伊丽莎白一世， 而是14~16世纪的意大利文艺全am复兴的u这只 个p火炬！zj
与中华文明相比，欧洲原本是一个愚昧的不化之地。被汉武帝赶到欧洲的匈奴曾在那里称雄长达一个世纪，罗马帝国从此衰落、灭亡，欧洲从此进入黑暗的中世纪。公元7世纪，穆罕默德创立的伊斯兰教诞生在离欧洲中心不远的两河流域。《古兰经》规定对国家、人类、社会和家庭的义务，援助贫穷者，首先对阿拉伯人进行道德价值的启蒙教育。由于《古兰经》倡导求学，“哪怕远到中国”就是穆罕默德的一句名句。从10世纪开始，阿拔斯王朝开始“百年翻译运动”，介绍其它民族关于天文、医学、语言、文学、法律、哲学、音乐、数学等方面的科学知识。公元827年阿拉伯人征服的西西里岛，使它成为阿拉伯文化的基地，后来成为引发欧洲文艺复兴的起源地。j v
在阿拉伯倡学精神的影响下，西欧第一所大学是11世纪末产生于意大利的工商业城市波伦亚的波伦亚大学。1150年，巴黎大学形成，后来巴黎大学中的英国学生返回祖国，在1168年创建了牛津大学。1209年，从牛津分出一部分学生又成立了剑桥大学。12世纪后，意大利又成立萨拉尔诺大学，西班牙创立萨拉曼加大学，法国成立了奥尔良大学；德国创立海德堡大学，奥地利创立维也纳大学等等。这就不难理解为什么文艺复兴会诞生在意大利；启蒙运动和法国大革命会发生在法国；现代科学和工业革命的诞生会发生在英国。 d花
文艺复兴诞生在西西里岛所属的意大利。欧洲的文艺复兴奏响了政治学说发展的序曲，由马基雅维利、格劳秀斯、斯宾诺莎、霍布斯、米尔顿和洛克等一大批思想家，提倡“自然权利”、“社会契约”、“人民革命权”以及“三权分立”。文艺复兴否定了封建特权。在中世纪，封建特权、门第观念是天经地义。文艺复兴时，波吉奥认为，只有个人的美德才是高贵。意大利的社会生活中，才干、手段和金钱代替了出身门第，成为任何出身的人爬上社会顶端的阶梯。文艺复兴还否定了君权神授。在中世纪，君主是上帝的代表，对君主的服从是一种宗教义务，天经地义。但人文主义者相信，君主如果成为暴君，必为人民所推翻，这是历史规律。他们反对专制，提倡自由和平等。布鲁尼把每个市民有同等机会参加政府管理和批评自由称为"真正的自由"。平等也不再是早期基督教那种在上帝面前的平等，而是在法律面前的平等。文艺复兴提倡科学方法和科学实验，提出"知识就是力量"，开创了探索人和现实世界的新风气。k
600年前的人类对真理的追求，就是今天也不是所有的国家都能做到。难怪有人这样认为：文艺复兴确实在思想界带来了一次大解放，它称得上是在意识形态领域内与中世纪的一场大决裂。打破了中世纪神学和其他外界权威对思想的牢牢束缚。它不但抛弃了神的眼光而改用人的眼光，而且用自己的眼光来观察人、社会和自然。达·芬奇说："谁要靠引证权威来辩论，他就是没有运用理智。"更值得一提的是，文艺复兴时期的人文主义者所面对是极其强大顽固的宗教旧势力，面对着悲惨的结局：但丁被流放，客死它乡；彼特拉克虽死在祖国，却被教会暴尸示众；伽利略、布鲁诺更是为之受尽牢狱之苦。天 g
意大利丰厚的文化艺术遗产是国家的瑰宝，也是发展旅游业取之不尽，用之不竭的源泉。得天独厚的地理位置和气候条件、四通八达的海陆空交通网、与旅游资源配套的服务设施以及渗透在人民生活各个层面的文化内涵每年都吸引三、四千万外国游客前往意大利。旅游业因此成为意大利国民经济的支柱。0 来和
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意对外政策的基本点是立足西欧，积极推动欧洲一体化进程，主张欧洲应有共同的外交和防务政策；依靠北约，重视同美国的传统关系；强调建立公正合理的国际新秩序，主张世界多极化和加强地区性合作；认为联合国应在世界新格局中发挥主导作用。 花在x
与中国关系：1970年11月6日，意大利与中国m建交以来。双边关系发展顺利，高层互访不北美文学网断。意大利佩尔蒂尼总统、卡尔法罗总统、北美文学网阿马托总理等曾先后在任内访问中国。中国李先念主e席、江泽民主席、李鹏总理、朱镕基总理等也曾先后应邀访问过意大利。2003年10月，意大利总理贝卢斯科尼来华进行正式访问。2004年5月，温家是宝总理对意大利进行正式访问，双方签署联合公报，决定建立中意政府委员会。2004年12月，是钱皮总统对中国进行国事访问，中意友好合作将更上一层楼。现任中国驻意大利这大使孙玉 6说玺这（2008e年－）57
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如果有人打喷嚏，旁边的人马上会说：“萨路德(SALUTE)！（祝你健康）”。另外，当着别人打喷嚏或咳嗽，被认为是不礼貌和讨嫌的事，所以本人要马上对旁边的人表示“对不起”。据说是因为欧洲曾有过因重感流行而置死人命的先例，感冒在意大利人眼中也如洪水猛兽般恐怖。 1y
意大利人热情好客，待人接物彬彬有礼。在正式场合，穿着十分讲究。见面礼是握手或招手示意;对长者、有地位和不太熟悉的人，要称呼他的姓，加上“先生”、“太太”、“小姐”和荣誉职称；在就餐、乘车、乘电梯等情况下，都会让女士先行。和意大利人谈话要注意分寸，一般谈论工作、新闻、足球；不要谈论政治和美国橄榄球。意大利人忌讳交叉握手，忌讳数字“17”。C 北美枫们
在意大利人心目中，自由是最重要的，z意大利人的守时和集体观念相对就差一点，宴会迟到20分钟左右都是十分正常的事情。意国大利人有早晨喝咖啡、吃烩水果、喝酸牛奶m生c的国习惯。酒特别是葡萄酒是意大利人离不开的 人和饮料，不论男9女几乎每餐都要喝酒，甚至在喝咖啡时了Ax，也要掺上一些酒。Bx
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科洛塞竞技场(又译罗马斗兽场）是罗马时k代最伟大的建筑之一，也是保存最好的一座圆形竞技场。位于威尼斯广场的东南面。斗不兽场是世界八大名胜之一，也是罗马帝国的象征。这座巨大的露天剧场叫做弗拉维奥剧场，因为它是由弗拉维奥家族的几位皇帝建造的。 们国通常，人们称之为科洛塞。斗兽场的外观像一座庞大的碉堡，占地20000平方米，围墙周长 们在527米，直径188米，墙高57米，相当于一座19层不现代楼房的高度，场内可10.7万观众。像所有北美文学网罗马的建筑一样，其基本结构是拱券结构，一系列的拱、券和恰当安排的椭圆形建筑构以件使整座建筑极为坚固。这是当年用斗兽、 北美枫8英竞技、赛马、戏剧和歌舞表演的场地。这座雄伟的建 dq筑堪称建筑的楷模。是建造在一片凹地上的 们A宏伟建筑。尼禄时代，这一凹地是尼禄金殿说花园里的 个c一个c人工湖。lB1
竞技场的工程由维斯帕西亚诺皇帝于公元72月年～75年开工兴建，由蒂托皇帝于公元80年完北美文学网工。传统说法是，建造这座建筑物使用了四8xD万奴隶，这是蒂托皇帝在摧毁耶路撒冷后于公元70年带回罗马的10万俘虏中的一部分。可1花全以容纳至少5万名观众的竞技场主要用途是斗我z他兽和角斗士角斗。这些活动形式多样，装备自精良，比其它任何活动更能激起特别喜爱残忍场面的广大观众的激情和疯狂。在众多的花表演中，首先值得回忆的是庆祝竞技场竣工j的表演，庆祝活动延续了1百天，杀死5千头猛兽，有上百名角斗士丧生。图拉真在位期间，总共杀死1万1千头猛兽，有1万名角斗士在国此角斗。在普罗博在位期间，仅在一次斗兽 y一时就同时放入场内1百头幼狮，其吼声震动了x整个竞技场。然而，更多的则是角斗士的角北美枫无为斗。人们对这种残忍的角斗如此着迷真难以令人相信，特别是妇女们竟然也对此极为着 个B迷。在这种残忍的角斗中，只有胜够一定次e数的角斗士才能获得自由。直到公元608年 北美枫r，竞技场一直用于角斗和斗兽，中世纪时改成一个城堡。此后部分被毁，成了挖取建筑 kx材料用以建造教堂和宫殿的场地。这样破坏一直持续了好几个世纪，到了19世纪才被制止，那时，几届教皇开始对之进行修复，那些何r说补砌的砖就是历次修复的明北美文学网证。北美枫h9 8了
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天使的圣玛丽亚教堂是1563年米开朗基罗利用迪奥克来齐亚诺浴场温水大厅废墟改建的，而到了十八世纪再由凡维特尔(Luigi Vanvitelli)改变为现在的模样。入口彷万神殿，天井高91公尺，是当时建筑上的极限。x
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米兰大教堂是世界上最大的哥特式教堂，也是规模仅次于梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂的世界第二大教堂。教堂长158米，最宽处93米。塔尖最高处达108.5米。总面积11700平方米，可容纳35000人。内部非常地宽广，至身于着幽暗而庄严的空间中简直快忘了自己是在一大商业都市的中心。教堂内外共有人物雕像3159尊，其中2245尊是外侧雕刻；有96个巨大的妖魔和怪兽形的排水口；顶上有135个尖塔，中央塔顶圣母玛丽亚镀金雕像，高4.2米，重700多公斤，由3900多片黄金包成。教堂共有五扇铜门，左边第一个铜门于1948年完成，表现的是君士坦丁皇帝的法令；第二个铜门是1950年所作，讲述的是圣·安布罗吉奥的生平，第三个最大的铜门是1906年完成，重37吨，描绘的是圣母玛丽亚的一生；第四个铜门是在1950年完成的，讲的是从德国皇帝菲德烈二世灭亡到莱尼亚诺战役期间米兰的历史；第五个铜门1965年完成，表现的是从圣·卡罗·波罗梅奥时代以来大教堂的历史。B个4
大厅内供奉着十五世纪时米兰大主教的遗体o，头部是白银筑就，躯体是主教真身。教堂日屋顶有一小孔，正午时分，阳光正射在地板 来花南北向的金属条上，古人以此计时，称为"太以阳钟"。教堂前的广场建于1862年。中央是意大利王国第一个国王维多利奥·埃玛努埃尔二世山D以的骑马铜像，广场右侧黄色建筑是新古典主北美文学网义建筑风格的王宫，1778年建成，现在已辟 r天为当代l艺术博物花馆。 657
在米兰大教堂广场左侧有维多利奥·埃玛努埃尔二世长廊，建于1865 -1877年长廊呈十字形，长196米，宽47米，高47米廊顶呈拱园形，顶上装有彩色玻璃棚。地面是用大理石铺成的马赛克图案。巨大的拱形建筑富丽堂皇，长廊内有装璜考究的金银首饰、时装、礼品店、餐馆，咖啡厅和书店。这里是米兰市民的休闲中心，到处是休息的市民及观光客，常年很热闹。穿过维多利奥·埃玛努埃尔二世长廊来到的斯卡拉广场（Piazza della Scala ）上有列奥尔德·达·芬奇的雕像。D
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背负着文艺复兴的硕果，是著名的文化古城和艺术天堂，一个吸引大量国际游客的旅游城市。作为欧洲文艺复兴时期的文化中心，佛罗伦萨给现代人留下了数不胜数的重要历史建筑和历史珍品。米开朗基罗广场、维其奥古桥和附近的比萨斜塔等均是最重要的浏览景点。要全
1、学院美术馆(Galleria dell'Accademia) ：藏有米开朗基罗的“大卫像”、四座未完成的“奴隶像”、第二座“圣母哀子像”和其它佛罗伦斯艺术家的作品。对街有家不错的书店和海报点，可顺道一访。 何来
2、百花大教堂(The Duomo) ：百花大教堂是佛罗伦斯的地标，外观以粉红色、绿色和奶油白三色的大理石砌成，展现着女性优雅高贵的气质，故又称为“花的圣母寺”(Santa Maria del Fiore)。百花大教堂是1296年由Arnorfo di Cambio负责建造的，中央巨大圆顶是由名建筑家布鲁内勒斯基 (Brunelleschi)所建造的第一座文艺复兴式圆顶，共花了十四年的时间才完成，是文艺复兴圆顶建筑的楷模。米开朗基罗在计画设计圣彼得大教堂的圆顶时曾说过：“我可以盖个比翡冷翠教堂圆顶更大的圆顶，但绝无法及上它的美。” 若想登上大教堂的屋顶，可从期右侧内的礼拜堂左边走廊进入，登上463级的阶梯。教堂正面经两次改建，教堂后博物馆里收藏了许多伟大的艺术品。大
3、乔托钟塔(Campanile di Giotto)月 ：百花大教堂旁月边的82公尺高塔，由建筑家乔托于1334年开始来建造，外观是一个四角形的柱状塔楼，把粉红北美枫a2、浓绿和北美文学网奶油三种颜色，以几何学的配色方式调合，花和旁边的百花教堂十分和谐，底部还有精致天的浮雕年t6，内部有楼梯可达顶部，共有290m不一阶。g他
4、圣乔凡尼礼拜堂(Battistero di San Giovanni) ：面对百花大教堂的八角形教堂，建于5世纪～8世纪间，是托斯坎尼地区罗马式建筑的代表。礼拜堂最具观光价值的就是三面青铜门浮雕：入口处南侧的青铜门是由安德烈．比萨诺于1330年制作的，28张图样是关于约翰传教的故事；东侧礼拜门是由吉尔伯提(Ghiberti)自1425年起花27年时间所制作，十张图样描述亚当和夏娃及旧约圣经的题材，被米开朗基罗誉为“通往天堂之门”；北侧青铜门也是吉尔伯提的作品，由28张图样组成，主题是表现基督的生涯及其12门徒的事迹。是我了
5、米开朗基罗广场(Piazzale Michelangelo) ：广场位于亚诺河对岸，是眺望佛罗伦斯的最佳据点，广场中央有米开朗基罗的大卫雕像的复制品，而位于它后面的就是美得令人怦然心动的浪漫主义教堂San Miniato。上4
6、维琪奥王宫(Palazzo Vecchio) ：这座防御完整的宫殿内部曾是麦迪奇(Medici)家族的住所，米开朗基罗的“大卫像”从1873年来一直守候在门口左侧，不过现在所见是仿作。二楼大厅堂是共和国政府的大会议场，两侧的壁上有米开朗基罗的名作“胜利”。王宫前是佛罗伦斯最热闹的西纽利亚广场(Plazza della Signoria)，“祖国之父”柯西摩．麦迪奇的骑马雕像睥睨全场。邻近王宫的集会所(Loggia dei Lanzi)有许多古代及文艺复兴式样的大理石人物雕像。ui
7、维琪奥桥(Ponte Vecchio) ：建于1345年，为翡冷翠最古老的桥梁。Vecchio这个字是古老的意思。维琪奥桥上有二层楼的建筑，以前是乌菲兹宫通往隔岸碧提王宫的走廊。桥上两边都是特产品的专卖店，商店的背后伸展到河上，特产店以贩卖宝石和贵重金属为主。以
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为了纪念比萨城的守护神圣母玛丽亚, 1063年比萨人开始在城区东北角的广场上建筑具有所谓罗马-比萨风格(Romanesque - Pisa Style)的比萨大教堂(Duomo- the Cathedral)。由雕塑家布斯凯托-皮萨诺（Bonanno Pisano）主持设计，另外还有一个圆形的洗礼堂和一个钟塔，构成一组建筑群，这也是意大利仿罗马建筑之典型。正如照片上所看到的：在这组建筑群中，洗礼堂位于主教堂前面，与教堂在同一中轴线上，钟塔在教堂的东南角，这两个圆形建筑在空间上的大小、矮高、远近搭配得当，显得与主教堂非常和谐。 s山大
教堂的外墙是用红白相间的大理石砌成，色彩庄重和谐；始建于1153年的洗礼堂是一座用大理石建造的圆形建筑，其大理石外墙墙面的装饰华美、一圈精致的尖拱券环绕着红色的中央大圆穹顶，再被周围的绿地所映衬，真是美不胜收；比萨斜塔更是广场上的宠儿，实事求是地说，到这里的大部分游客都是冲着斜塔来的。虽然世界上还有一些也是长的东倒西歪的其他斜塔，但是应该承认，比萨斜塔的名气最大。 何自
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西西里岛(Sicilia)x
“如果不去西西里，就像没有到过意大利：因为在西西里你才能找到意大利的美丽之源”这是格斯在1787年4月13日到达巴勒莫时写下的句子，这是他为寻找西方文化的根源第一次来到意大利。的确如此，这个地中海上最大的岛屿，也是意大利面积最大的省份，的确是一块巧妙的土地，这里迷人的自然风景与人文风景非常的和谐地融合为一体，自然有从古至今曾经居住在这里的人们为证：这里曾经居住过希腊人、古罗马人、拜占庭人、阿拉伯人、诺曼人、施瓦本人、西班牙人等，他们的文化已然印证在这里了。t的
从地图上看，西西里岛是意大利那只伸向地中海的皮靴上的足球。它位于地中海的中心，辽阔而富饶，气候温暖风景秀丽，盛产柑橘、柠檬和油橄榄。无论是东海岸，还是西海岸，到处是果实累累的橘林、柠檬园和大片大片的橄榄树林。由于其发展农林业的良好自然环境，历史上被称为“金盆地”。7不如
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维罗纳（Verona）个天
因一位名人的一部在名著而提高了一座城市的知名度，这并不罕见，但莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》却不j同，它不仅极大地提高了维罗纳的知名度，全jD而且还奇迹般改变了这座城市在人们心目中的z定位。这座列入了联合国世界遗产名录的古花城在我看来，它对世界的最大贡献并非因为说拥有世花界上现存第三大的圆形竞技场，既不是阿迪B戈河畔的老桥、中世纪城堡和城墙，也不是12花世纪罗马风格建筑的杰作──圣泽诺大教堂s，而是一段虚构的爱情故事。我想在故事发生十几个世纪以后的今天，带着你的恋人来北美文学网到罗密欧和朱丽叶曾经生活过、爱过维罗纳e活过、爱过朝圣爱情，必这定是一件非常浪漫的事情。 小如
维罗纳位于意大利北部，是有着25万人口的意大利中等城市，它北靠阿尔卑斯山，西临经济重镇米兰，东接水城威尼斯，南通首都罗马，从地理位置上看，它算得上是最好的军事要塞，跟意大利众多古城一样，维罗纳也有着悠久的历史，城内至今依然保存着从古代、中世纪一直到文艺复兴时期的大量纪念碑和一座完好的斗兽场。在过去漫长的岁月中，这座写满仇恨和战争历史的小城一直被人们看作军事重镇、历史古城。时wv
柔情与浪漫原本是与它无关，甚至相去甚远的。然而，自16世纪末莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》问世以来，尤其是自20世纪30年代开始，美国好莱坞和意大利的电影制片人多次将这部名剧搬上银幕之后，维罗纳在世界人民的心中，不再是一座普通古城，不再是充满仇恨和血腥的军事重镇，它变成了一座浪漫之城，变成了年轻人心中的爱情圣地。北美枫个
对大多数来维罗纳的旅行者来说，维罗纳最吸引他们的地方只有一处，那就是朱丽叶的故居及其那个神秘的阳台。 8有 何
据说摸朱丽叶的左胸，以爱 们无情会北美枫we好运国哦……
Italy (Italian: Italia), officially the Italian Republic, (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within the Italian Peninsula, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. v全
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Italy has been the home of many European cultures, such as the Etruscans and the Romans, and later was the birthplace of the movement of the Renaissance, that began in Tuscany and spread all over Europe. Italy's capital Rome was for centuries the center of Western civilization, it also spawned the Baroque movement and seats the Catholic Church. 国x
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Today, Italy is a democratic republic and a developed country with the 20th highest GDP per capita, the 8th-highest Quality-of-life index,[1] and the 20th-highest Human Development Index rating i北美文学网n the world. It is a founding member of what is now the Eur小opean Union (having signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957), and天 also a member of the G8 (having the world's 7th largest nominal GDP), NATO, OECD, the Council of Europe, th北美文学网e Western European Union, the Central European Initiative, and a Schengen state. On January 1, 2007 Italy began a two 是year term as a non-peDrmanent member of the United Nation小s Security Council. 北美文学网天
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The origin of the term "Italy" (It: Italia), from Latin Italia,[2] is uncertain. According to one of the more common explanations, the term was borrowed through Greek, from Oscan Víteliú, meaning "land of young cattle" (cf. Lat vitulus "calf", Umb vitlo "calf") and named for the god of cattle, Mars.[3] The bull was a symbol of the southern Italian tribes and is often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Samnite Wars.
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The name Italia applied to a part of what is now southern Italy. According to Antiochus of Syracuse, it originally only referred to the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula (modern Calabria), but by his time Oenotrians and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to use the name "Italia" for a greater region, but it was not until the time of the Roman conquests that the term was expanded to cover the entire peninsula.[4] 国是
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Main article: History of ItalyD
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The Colosseum in Rome, perhaps the most enduring symbol of ItalyExcavations throughout Italy reveal a modern human presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period some 200,000 years ago.[5] In the 8th and 7th centuries BC Greek colonies were established all along Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula. Subsequently Romans refereed to this area as Magna Graecia as it was so densely inhabited by Greeks.[6][7][8] Ancient Rome at first a small agricultural community founded circa 8th century BC grew the next centuries into a colossal empire encompassing the whole Mediterranean Sea, in which Ancient Greek and Roman cultures merged into one civilization, so influential that parts of it survive in modern law, administration, philosophy and arts forming the ground where Western civilization is based upon. In its twelve-century existence, it transformed from a republic to monarchy and finally to autocracy. In steady decline since 2nd century AD, the empire finally broke into two parts in 285 AD, a western and an eastern. The western part under the pressure of Goths finally dissolved leaving the Italian peninsula divided into small independent kingdoms and feuding city states for the next 14 centuries, and the eastern part as the sole heir to Roman legacy.x
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Italy during the Late Middle Ages.Following a short recapkture of the peninsula by Byzantine Emperor, Justinian at 6th cen. AD from the Ostrogoths a new wave of Germanic tribes, the Lombards, soon arrived to Italy from 6了 the north. For several centuries the armies of the Byzantijnes were strong enough to prevent Arabs, Holy Roman Empire, or the Papacy from establishing a unified Italian Kingdom, kA but at the same time too weak to fully unify the former Ro何要tman lands. Nevertheless during early Middle Ages 北美枫v Imperial orders such as the Carolingians, the Ottonians and Hohenstaufens managed to impose their overlordship in Italy.y
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Eventually Italy interlocked to its neighboring empires' conflicting interests would remain divided up to 19th century. It was during this vacuum of authority that the region saw the rise of Signoria and Comune. In the anarchic conditions that often prevailed in medieval Italian city states, people looked to strong men to restore order and disarm the feuding elites. In times of anarchy or crisis, cities sometimes offered the Signoria to individuals perceived as strong enough to save the state, most notably Della Scala family in Verona, Visconti in Milan and Medici in Florence.7 国
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Italy during this period became notable for its merchant Republics. These city-states, oligarchical in reality, had a dominant merchant class which under a relative freedom nurtured academic and artistic advancement. The four classic Maritime Republics in Italy were Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Amalfi reflecting the temporal sequence of their dominance.c和
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Venice and Genoa were Europe's gateway to trade with the East, with the former producer of the renown venetian glass, whilst Florence was the capital of silk, wool, banks and jewelry. The Maritime Republics were heavily involved in the Crusades, taking advantage of the new political and trading opportunities, most evidently in the conquest of Zara and Constantinople funded by Venice.B在
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During late Middle Ages Italy was divided into smaller ci自ty states and territories: the kingdom of Naples controlledq the south, the Republic of Florence and the Papal States tlhe centre, the Genoese and the Milanese the north and west,北美文学网 and the Venetians the east. Fifteenth-century Italy was one of the most urbanised areas in Europe and the birthplace 7of Renaissance. Florence, in particular with the writings o月f Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), Francesco Petrarch (1304–上1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (c. 1313–1375), as well as t北美枫年9he painting of Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337) is considere了们kd the center of this cultural movement. Scholars like Nicco我这flò de' Niccoli and Poggio Bracciolini scoured the librarie北美文学网s in search of works of classical authors as Plato, Aristot天le, Euclid, Ptole北美文学网my, Cicero and Vitruvius. koi
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The Black Death pandemic in 1348 left its mark on Italy by killing one third of the population.[9] The recovery from the disaster led to a resurgence of citi年天个es, trade and economy which greatly stimulated the successive phase of the Humanism and Renaissance. In 1494 the Frenc年Abh king Charles VIII opened the first of a series of invasio如ns, lasting up to sixteenth century, and a competition betw日een France and Spain for the possession of the country. Ult9imately Spain prevailed through the Treaty of Cateau-Cambre 人了sis which recognised Spanish dominance over the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naplues. The holy alliance between Habsburg Spain and the Holy S 一oee resulted in the systematic persecution of any Protestant movement. Austria succeeded Spain as hegemon in Italy under the Peace的 of Utrecht. Through Austrian domination, the northern part北美文学网 of Italy, gained econ16一omic dynamism and intellectual fervor. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1815) introduced the idea7s of equality, democracy, law and nation. 人生 A
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Giuseppe Garibaldi, the "Hero of the Two Worlds"The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of the efforts by Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula. In the context of 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe an unsuccessful war was declared on Austria. Giuseppe Garibaldi popular amongst southern Italians led the Italian republican drive for unification in southern Italy[10] , while the northern Italian monarchy of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia whose government was led by Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, had the ambition of establishing a united Italian state under its rule. The kingdom successfully challenged Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence with the help of Napoleon III, liberating the Lombardy-Venetia. In 1866 Victor Emmanuel II aligned the kingdom to Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annex Venice. In 1870, as France during the disastrous Franco-Prussian War abandoned its positions in Rome, Italy rushed to fill the power gap by taking over the Papal State from French sovereignty. Italian unification finally was achieved, and shortly afterwards Italy's capital was moved to Rome. v
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As Northern Italy, was industrialized and modernized the south, became overcrowded, forcing millions of people to emigrate for a better life abroad. The Sardinian Statuto Albertino of 1848, extended to the whole Kingdom of Italy in 1861, provided for basic freedoms, but the electoral laws excluded the non-propertied and uneducated classes from voting. In 1913 male universal suffrage was allowed. The Socialist Party became the main political party, outclassing the traditional liberal and conservative organisations. Starting from the last two decades of the nineteenth century, Italy developed into a colonial power by forcing Somalia, Eritrea and later Libya and Dodecanese under its rule. [11] During World War I Italy stayed at first neutral, but in 1915, signed the London Pact entering Entente, promised Trento, Trieste, Istria, Dalmatia and parts of Ottoman Empire. During the war, 600,000 Italians died and the economy collapsed. Under the Peace Treaty of Saint-Germain, Italy obtained just Bolzano-Bozen, Trento, Trieste and Istria in a victory defined as "mutilated" by public.不自
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Aldo Moro, photographed during his kidnapping by the Red BrigadesThe turbulence that followed the devastations of World War I, inspired by the Russian Revolution, led to turmoil and anarchy. The liberal establishment, fearing a socialist revolution, started to endorse the small National Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini. In October 1922 the fascists attempted a coup (the "Marcia su Roma", i.e. March on Rome); but the king ordered the army not to intervene, instead forming an alliance with Mussolini. Over the next few years, Mussolini banned all political parties and curtailed personal liberties thus forming a dictatorship. In 1935, Mussolini subjugated Ethiopia after a surprisingly lengthy campaign. This resulted in international alienation and the exodus of the country from the League of nations. A first pact with Nazi Germany was concluded in 1936, and a second in 1938. Italy strongly supported Franco in the Spanish civil war and Hitler's annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia.个
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On April 7, 1939 Italy occupied Albania, a de facto protectorate for decades and entered World War II in 1940 taking part in the late stages of the Battle of France. Mussolini wanting a quick and swift victory which would emulate Hitler's blitzkrieg in Poland and France, invaded Greece in October 1940 via Albania but was forced to a humiliating defeat after a few months. At the same time Italy after initially conquering British Somalia, saw an allied counter-attack leading to the loss of all possessions in the Horn of Africa. Italy was also defeated by British forces in North Africa and was only saved by the urgently dispatched German Africa Corps led by Erwin Rommel. Italy was invaded by Allies in June 1943 leading to the collapse of the fascist regime and the arrest of Mussolini. In September 1943, Italy surrendered. Immediately Germany invaded its former ally with the country becoming a battlefield for the rest of the war. The country was liberated on April 25, 1945.是如
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In 1946 Vittorio Emanuele III's son, Umberto II, was forced to abdicate. Italy became a Republic after a referendum held on June 2, 1946, a day celebrated since as Republic Day. This was the first election in Italy allowing women to vote.[12] The Republican Constitution was approved and came into force on January 1, 1948. Under the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, the eastern border area was lost to Yugoslavia and the free territory of Trieste was divided between the two states. The Marshall Plan in 1949 helped to revive the Italian economy which in 1950s and 1960s enjoyed a prolonged economic growth. Italy is a founding member of European Union (EU). In the 1970s and 1980s the country experienced the Years of Lead, a period characterised by widespread social conflicts and terrorist acts carried out by extra-parliamentary movements. The assassination of the leader of the Christian Democracy , Aldo Moro, led to the end of a historic compromise between the DC and the Communist Party.D月
From 1992 to 1997, the Italian economy faced significant 1上challenges with massive government debt, extensive corruption, and organized crime's considerable influence collectivefw不ly called the political system Tangentopoli. The Tangentop国oli scandals involved all major parties, and between 1992 a1D个nd 1994 the DC underwent a severe crisis splitting 如up into several factions, including the Ita1日大lian People's Party and the Ch日ristian Democratic Center. T 们大he PSI completel kjy dissolved.h8
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The 1994 elections put media magnate Silvio Berlusconi in如to the Prime Minister's seat. However he was forced to step说 down in December when Lega Nord withdrew its support. In April 1996, national elections led to the victory of a centr日e-left coalition under the leadership of Romano Prodi. Prod中i's first government became the third-longest to stay in po北美文学网wer before he narrowly lost a vote of confidence, by three 北美文学网votes, in October 1998. A new government was formed by Masst国有imo D'Alema, but in April 2000 he resigned. In 2001 the cen不tre-right formed government and Silvio Berlusconi was able 北美文学网to remain in power for a complete five year mandate, but with two different governments. The first one (2001–2005) beecame the longest government in post-war Italy. Italy partiqcipated in the US-led military coalition in Iraq. The elect和ions in 2006 won by centre-left, allowed Prodi to form his 北美文学网second government but in early北美文学网 2008, he resigned because of the collapse of his coalition 们是. In the ensuing new early elections in April 2008, Silvio 山小说Berlusconi convincingly won to fort无天m a government for the third t2ime.t
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Italy occupies a long, boot-shaped peninsula, surrounded on the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea and on the east by the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia to the north. The Apennine Mountains form the peninsula's backbone; the Alps form its northern boundary. The largest of its northern lakes is Garda (143 sq mi; 370 km²); the Po, its principal river, flows from the Alps on Italy's western border and crosses the great Padan plain to the Adriatic Sea. Several islands form part of Italy; the largest are Sicily (9,926 sq mi; 25,708 km²) and Sardinia (9,301 sq mi; 24,090 km²). There are several active volcanoes in Italy: Etna, the largest active volcano in Europe; Vulcano; Stromboli; and Vesuvius, the only active volcano on the mainland of Europe.了w说
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Main article: Climate of Italy大t
The climate in Italy is highly diverse and can be far from the stereotypical Mediterranean climate depending on the location. Most of the inland northern areas of Italy (for example Turin, Milan and Bologna) have a continental climate often classified as Humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The coastal areas of Liguria and most of the peninsula south of Florence generally fit the Mediterranean stereotype (Köppen climate classification Csa). The coastal areas of the peninsula can be very different from the interior higher altitudes and valleys, particularly during the winter months when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters and warm and generally dry summers, although lowland valleys can be quite hot in summer. vm
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Giorgio Napolitano, 11th President of the Italian RepublicThe 1948 Constitution of Italy established a bicameral parliament (Parlamento), consisting of a Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) and a Senate (Senato della Repubblica), a separate judiciary, and an executive branch composed of a Council of Ministers (cabinet) (Consiglio dei ministri), headed by the prime minister (Presidente del consiglio dei ministri).北美枫人c时
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The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica) is elected for seven years by the parliament sitting jointly with a small number of regional delegates. The president nominates the prime minister, who proposes the other ministers (formally named by the president). The Council of Ministers must obtain a confidence vote from both houses of Parliament. Legislative bills may originate in either house and must be passed by a majority in both. l日
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The houses of parliament are popularly and directly elected through a complex electoral system (latest amendment in 2005) which combines proportional representation with a majority prize for the largest coalition (Chamber). All Italian citizens older than 18 can vote. However, to vote for the senate, the voter must be at least 25 or older. The electoral system in the Senate is based upon regional representation. During the elections in 2006, the two competing coalitions were separated by few thousand votes, and in the Chamber the centre-left coalition (L'Unione; English: The Union) got 345 Deputies against 277 for the centre-right one (Casa delle Libertà; English: House of Freedoms), while in the Senate L'Unione got only two Senators more than absolute majority. The Chamber of Deputies has 630 members and the Senate 315 elected senators; in addition, the Senate includes former presidents and appointed senators for life (no more than five) by the President of the Republic according to special constitutional provisions. As of May 15, 2006 there are seven life senators (of which three are former Presidents). Both houses are elected for a maximum of five years, but both may be dissolved by the President before the expiration of their normal term if the Parliament is unable to elect a stable government. In the post war history, this has happened in 1972, 1976, 1979, 1983, 1994, 1996 and 2008.花月来
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A peculiarity of the Italian Parliament is the representation given to Italian citizens permanently living abroad (about 2.7 million people). Among the 630 Deputies and the 315 Senators there are respectively 12 and 6 elected in four distinct foreign constituencies. Those members of Parliament were elected for the first time in April 2006 and they have the same rights as members elected in Italy. d大花v
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The Italian judicial system is based on Roman la和w modified by the Napoleonic code and later statutes. The Cmi7onstitutional Court of Italy7 (Corte Costituzionale) rules on the conformity of laws with uthe Constitution and is a post-World W如ar II i5nnovation.日他
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Main article: Foreign relations of Italy 日9北美枫个时
See also: Italian 和Minister of For天eign Affairs 个v个
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Silvio Berlusconi, actual Italian Prime Minister, and U.S. President George W. Bush. Berlusconi has always hold a strong pro-America line in foreign policy.Italy was a founding member of the European Community—now the European Union (EU). Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955 and is a member and strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the Council of Europe. Its recent turns as rotating Presidency of international organisations include the CSCE (the forerunner of the OSCE) in 1994 G8, the EU in 2001 and from July to December 2003.i 何
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Italy supports the United Nations and its international security activities. Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor and provides support for NATO and UN operations in Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania. Italy deployed over 2,000 troops to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in February 2003. Italy still supports international efforts to reconstruct and stabilize Iraq, but it has withdrawn its military contingent of some 3,200 troops as of November 2006, maintaining only humanitarian workers and other civilian personnel.hCB国
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In August 2006 Italy sent about 3,000 soldiers to Lebanon for the ONU peacekeeping mission UNIFIL.[13] Furthermore, since 2 February 2007 an Italian, Claudio Graziano is the commander of the UN force in the country. 北美文学网月 g
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Article 11 of the Italian Constitution says: "Italy rejects war as an instrument of aggression against the freedoms of others peoples and as a means for settling international controversies; it agrees, on conditions of equality with other states, to the limitations of sovereignty necessary for an order that ensures peace and justice among Nations; it promotes and encourages international organizations having such ends in view".来B和
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The Italian armed forces are under the command of the Italian Supreme Defense Council, presided over by the President of the Italian Republic. The total number of military personnel is approximately 308,000. Italy has the eighth-highest military expenditure in the world.[14]3这全r
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The Italian armed forces are divided into four branches:u说这这
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The Esercito Italiano (the Italian Army) is the ground defense force of the Italian Republic. It has recently (July 29, 2004) become a professional all-volunteer force of 115,687 active duty personnel. Its most famous combat vehicles are Dardo, Centauro and Ariete, and Mangusta attack helicopters, recently deployed in UN missions; but the Esercito Italiano also has at its disposal a large number of Leopard 1 and M113 armored vehicles.风了
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The Marina Militare (the Italian Navy) is one of the four branches of the military forces of Italy. It was created in 1946, as the Navy of the Italian Republic, from the Regia Marina. Today's Marina Militare is a modern navy with a strength of 35,261 and ships of every type, such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, modern frigates, submarines, amphibious ships and other smaller ships such as oceanographic research ships.[citation needed]在 有w
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The Marina Militare is now equipping herself with a bigger aircraft carrier (the Cavour), new destroyers, submarines and multipurpose frigates. In modern times, the Marina Militare, being a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations. The Marina Militare is considered the fourth strongest navy of the world.Ck
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Air Force v
The Aeronautica Militare Italiana is the air force of Italy. It was founded as an independent service arm on 28 March 1923, by King Vittorio Emanuele III as the Regia Aeronautica (which translates to "Royal Air Force"). After World War II, when Italy was made a republic by referendum, the Regia Aeronautica was given its current name. Today the Aeronautica Militare has a strength of 45,879 and operates 585 aircraft, including 219 combat jets and 114 helicopters. As a stopgap and as replacement for leased Tornado ADV interceptors, the AMI has leased 30 F-16A Block 15 ADF and four F-16B Block 10 Fighting Falcons, with an option for some more. The coming years also will see the introduction of 121 EF2000 Eurofighter Typhoons, replacing the leased F-16 Fighting Falcons. Furthermore updates are foreseen on the Tornado IDS/IDT and the AMX-fleet. The transport capacity is guaranteed by a fleet of 22 C-130Js, also a completely new developed G222, called C-27J Spartan (12 aircraft ordered), will enter service replacing the G222's. The Italian air force is also planning on purchasing F-35, although they have not been distributed around the world yet.[citation needed]北美文学网
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The Carabinieri are the gendarmerie and military police of Italy, providing the republic with a national police service. At the Sea Islands Conference of the G8 in 2004, the Carabinieri was given the mandate to establish a Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units (CoESPU) to spearhead the development of training and doctrinal standards for civilian police units attached to international peacekeeping missions.[15]c以
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Main articles: Regions of Italy, Provinces of Italy, and Municipalities of Italy和
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Administrative divisionsItaly is subdivided into 20 regions (regioni, singular regione). Five of these regions have a special autonomous status that enables them to enact legislation on some of their local matters, and are marked by an *. It is further divided into 109 provinces (province) and 8,101 municipalities (comuni).要
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1 Abruzzo L'Aquila 10,794 1,305,000 春月
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5 Emilia-Romagna Bologna 22,124 4,187,000 春 A
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7 Lazio Rome 17,207 5,304,他000 大
8 Liguria Genoa 5,421 1 来自,610,000 6和m
9 Lom在bardy Milan 23, 北美枫i861 9,375,000 天
10 March l7e Ancona 9,694 个和 1,528,000 q3v来
11 Molise Cam l7pobas8g9so 4,438 320,000 年l春0
12 Piedmont Turin 25,399 4,341,000 i我o
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In October of 2007, Italy officially reached more than 59.5 million [7] persons. Italy currently has the fourth largest population in the European Union, and the 23rd largest population in the world. Italy's population density at 196.1 persons per kilometre is the 5th highest in the European Union. The highest density is in Northern Italy, as one third of the country contains almost half of the Italian population. After the WW2, Italy saw an economic boom which lead to rural population moving to the cities, and in the same time it turned from a nation characterized by massive emigration to a net immigrant-receiving country. High fertility persisted until the 70s when it plunged below replacement so as of 2007, one in five Italians was pensioners. Despite this, thanks mainly to the immigration of 80s and 90s, in 2000s Italy saw natural population growth for the first time in years.[8]了 北美文学网y
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9 Bari Apulia BA 325,052 我s 为一
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Italy is a destination for immigrants from all over the world. At the end of 2006, foreigners comprised 5% of the population or 2,938,922 persons,[16] an increase of 270,000 since the previous year. In some Italian cities, such as Brescia, Milan, Padua, and Prato, immigrants total more than 10% of the population.u我一
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The most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European nations, particularly Eastern Europe, replacing North Africans as a major source of migrants. Around 500,000 Romanians are officially registered as living in Italy, but unofficial estimates put the actual number at double that figure or perhaps even more.[17] As of 2006, migrants came from Eastern Europe (39.14%), North Africa (17.77%), Asia (17.43%), Latin America (8.90%). Smaller groups came from sub-Saharan Africa, North America and other European Union nations.[18]春是
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Ethnic Italian &0000000056000000.00000056,000,000 94.96% j s为
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Asian (non-Chinese) &00000000003260400.000000326,000 0.g55% 5j
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South American &000这0000000239000.000000239,00了们风0 0.41% 国 有t
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Main article: Religion 2in Italy 何
See also: Christianity in Italy, Islam in Italy, Jews in 这Italy, Buddhism in Italy, and List of Italian religious min的ority politic 北美枫jians 8中不
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Roman Catholicism is by far the largest religion in the country. Although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion, it still plays a role in the nation's political affairs. 87.8% of Italians identified as Roman Catholic [10], although 有ronly about one-third of these describ北美枫D2ed the上mselves as active members (1中的36.8%).z个
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Other Christian groups in Italy include more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians [11], including 470,000 newcomers [12]PDF (65.4 KiB) and some 180,000 Greek Orthodox, 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelicals (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the Assemblies of God, 235,685 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%) [13], 30,000 Waldensians [14], 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 Lutherans, 5,000 Methodists (affiliated to the Waldensian Church) [15]. 北美枫c l1
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T4he country'zs oldest religious minority is the Jewish community, comprising roughly 45,000 peoplze. It is no longer the largest non-Christian group.北美枫pD g
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As a result of significant immigration from other parts of the world, some 825,000 Muslims [16] (1.4%) live in Italy, though only 50,000 are Italian citizens. In addition, there are 110,000 Buddhists (0.2%) [17] [18] [19]PDF (65.4 KiB), 70,000 Sikhs [20], and 70,000 Hindus (0.1%) in Italy. g上
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Economy北美文学网北美文学网
Main article: Economy of Italy花1
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The Borsa Italiana, based in Milan, is Italy's main stockk exchangeAccording to GDP calculations, Italy was ranked as the seventh largest economy in the world in 2006, behind t Cnhe United States, Japan, Germany, China, UK, and France, an北美文学网d the fourth largest in Europe. According to the OECD, in 2 生为004 Italy was the world's sixth-largest exporter of manufac 北美枫一tured goods. This economy remains divided into a developed 了山一industrial north, dominated by private companie 个9s, and a less developed agricultural south. In the Index of小 Economic Freedom 2008 it ranked 64th of 162 countries, or g29th lof 41 European countries, the lowest rating in the EU-15 and behind many ex-communist European countries. It's often ca北美枫g6lled a sick man of Europe, with governments having problems r上 in pursuing refo 北美枫如rm programs.天 sB
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According to World Bank data, Italy has high levels of freedom to invest, do business, and trade. On the other hand, Italy has inefficient bureaucracy, relatively low property rights and high levels of corruption (compared to other European countries), heavy taxes, and heavy public consumption at around half of GDP.[20] Italy has been in economic decline compared to most other EU-15 countries. g
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Most raw materials needed by industry and more than 75% of energy requirements are imported. Over the past decade, Italy has pursued a tight fiscal policy in order to meet the requirements of the Economic and Monetary Union and has benefited from lower interest and inflation rates. Italy joined the Euro from its introduction in 1999.2
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Italy's economic performance has at times lagged behind tohat of its EU partners, and the current government has 北美文学网enacted numerous short-term reforms aimed at improving competitiveness and long-term growth. It has moved slowly, howe北美文学网ver, on implementing 是certain structural reforms favoured by economists, such as 北美枫Alightening the high tax burden and overhauling Italy's ri来gid labour market and expensive pension system, because of the economic slowdown and oppo我小自sition from labour unions.自
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Italy has a smaller number of world class multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size. Instead, the country's main economic strength has been its large base of small and medium size companies. Some of these companies manufacture products that are technologically moderately advanced and therefore face increasing competition from China and other emerging Asian economies which are able to undercut them on labour costs. These Italian companies are responding to the Asian competition by concentrating on products with a higher technological content, while moving lower-tech manufacturing to plants in countries where labour is less expensive. The small average size of Italian companies remains a limiting factor, and the government has been working to encourage integration and mergers and to reform the rigid regulations that have traditionally been an obstacle to the development of larger corporations in the country.rw如
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Italy's major exports are motor vehicles (Fiat Group, Aprilia, Ducati, Piaggio), chemicals, petrochemicals (Eni), electricity (Enel, Edison), home appliances (Merloni, Candy), aerospace and defense tech (Alenia, Agusta, Finmeccanica), firearms (Beretta); but the country's more famous exports are in the fields of fashion (Armani, Valentino, Versace, Dolce & Gabbana, Benetton, Prada, Luxottica), food industry (Ferrero, Barilla Group, Martini & Rossi, Campari, Parmalat), luxury vehicles (Ferrari, Maserati, Lamborghini, Pagani) and motoryachts (Ferretti, Azimut).大
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Tourism is very important to the Italian economy: with over 37 million tourists a year, Italy is ranked as the fifth major tourist destination in the world.[21]以 v
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Transport 日大
Main article: Transport in Italy 国 生5
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ETR 500 at Milan Central StationThe railway network in Italy totals 16,627 kilometres (10,331 mi), ranking the country 17th in the world [22], and is operated by Ferrovie dello St 有pato. High speed trains inclunde ETR-class trains, of which the ETR 500m47 trav北美枫时春els at 3北美文学网00 km/h (190 mph).82的9
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In 1991 Treno Alta Velocità SpA was created, a special purpose entity owned by RFI (itself owned by Ferrovie dello Stato) for the planning and construction of high-speed rail lines along Italy's most important and saturated transport routes. These lines are often referred as "TAV" lines. The purpose of TAV construction is to aid travel along Italy's most saturated rail lines and to add tracks to these lines, namely the Milan-Naples and Turin-Milan-Venice corridors. One of the focuses of the project is to turn the rail network of Italy into a modern and high-tech passenger rail system in accordance with updated European rail standards. A secondary purpose is to introduce high-speed rail to the country and its high-priority corridors. When demand on regular lines is lessened with the opening of dedicated high-speed lines, those regular lines will be used primarily for low-speed regional rail service and freight trains. With these ideas realised, the Italian train network can be integrated with other European rail networks, particularly the French TGV, German ICE, and Spanish AVE systems[citation needed].不u们
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There are approximately 654,676 km(406,797 mi) of serviceable roadway in Italy, including 6,957 km (4,323 mi) of expressways [21]. 北美枫lf
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There are approximately 133 airports in Italy, including 来说the two hubs of Malpensa International (near Milan) and Leo了q如nardo Da Vinci In北美文学网ternational (near RBome). 生8北美枫
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There are 27 major ports in Italy, the largest is in Genoa, which is also the second largest in the Mediterranean Sea, after Marseille. 2,400 km (1,500 mi) of waterways traverse Italy.在
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Culture北美文学网
Main articles: Culture of Italy, Cinema of Italy, Freedom of the press in Italy, and Education in Italy 日是u
Further information: List of film n和8directo自rs from Italy 不 8如
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Leonardo Da VinciItaly did not exist as a state until the 有月 country's unificatioBn in 1861. Due to this comparatively late unification, and the historical autonomy of the regions that comprise the It自alian Peninsula, many traditions and customs that are now r 个山ecognized as distinctly Italian can be identified by their 上regions of origin. Despite the political and social isolati北美文学网on of these regions, Italy's contributions to the cultural 和and historical heritage of Euroupe remain immense. Italy is home to the greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Si花tes (41) toq date. 北美枫f sA
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Visual Art 北美文学网u
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RaphaelMaion art 6人icle: Artl of Italy k日天
See also: List of Italian painters and List of Italian designers DD
Italian painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light, as exemplified in the works of Caravaggio and Titian, and a preoccupation with religious figures and motifs. Italian painting enjoyed preeminence in Europe for hundreds of years, from the Romanesque and Gothic periods, and through the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the latter two of which saw fruition in Italy. Notable artists whom fall within these periods include Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Caravaggio, Bernini, Titian and Raphael. Thereafter, Italy was to experience a continual subjection to foreign powers which caused a shift of focus to political matters, leading to its decline as the artistic authority in Europe. Not until 20th century Futurism, primarily through the works of Umberto Boccioni and Giacomo Balla, would Italy prove to recapture any of its former prestige as a seminal place of artistic evolution. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of Giorgio de Chirico, who exerted a strong influence on the Surrealists and generations of artists to follow.
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Literature s人北美枫
Main articles: Italian literature and Italian poetry 何
See also: List of Italian writers and List of Italian p人这loets e 日y
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Dante, author of the Divine ComedyWith the basis of the modern Italian language established through the Florentine poet, Dante Alighieri, whose greatest work, the Divina Commedia, is considered amongst the foremost literary statements produced in Europe during the Middle Ages, there is no shortage of celebrated literary figures; the writers and poets Giovanni Boccaccio, Giacomo Leopardi, Alessandro Manzoni, Torquato Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, and Petrarch, whose best known vehicle of expression, the sonnet, was invented in Italy. Prominent philosophers include Giordano Bruno, Marsilio Ficino, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Giambattista Vico. Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are nationalist poet Giosuè Carducci in 1906, realist writer Grazia Deledda in 1926, modern theatre author Luigi Pirandello in 1936, poets Salvatore Quasimodo in 1959 and Eugenio Montale in 1975, satiryst and theatre author Dario Fo in 1997.[23] 12时
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GalileoIn science, Galileo Galilei made 来n advancements toward the scientific revolution, and Leonard全国wo da m如全Vinci was the quintessential Renaissance Man. Italy has bee和n the home of scientists and inventors: the physicist Enrico Fermi, leade1人要r of the tea天m that built the first nuclear reactor; the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini; the physicist Alessandro Volta, inve和ntor of the electric battery; the mathematicians Lagrange and Fibonacci; Nobel Prize in Physics laureate Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of the radio; and Antonio Meucci, candxidate for inventor of the telephone. s是
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Music北美枫中nC
Main articles: Music of Italy and Music history of Italy 何k
See 如also: List of raItaliajn composers 自t
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Gioachino RossiniFrom folk music to classical, music has 4always played an important role in Italian culture. Having 如give d是n birth to opera, Italy provides many of the foundations of北美文学网 the classical music tradition. Instruments a d说sso了不中ciated with classical music, including the piano and violinD, were invented in Italy, and many of the prevailing classical music forms can trace their roots back to innovations osf sixteenth and seventeenth century Italian music (such as 66the symphony, concerto, and sonata). Italy's most famous co北美枫9cmposers include the Renaissance composers Palestrina and Mo我来说nteverdi, the Baroque composers Alessandro Scarlatti, Corelli and Vivaldi, the Classical composers Paganini and Rossinci, and the Romantic composers Verdi and Puccini. Modern Itallian composers such as Berio 天and Nono proved significant in the development 人aof experimental and electronic music.了2p l全
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While the classical music tradition still holds strong in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as La Scala of Milan, and San Carlo of Naples, and performers such as the pianist Maurizio Pollini, and the late tenor Luciano Pavarotti, Italians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene. Introduced in the early 1920s, Jazz took a particularly strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite the anti-American cultural policies of the Fascist regime. Today, the most notable centers of Jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily. Later, Italy was at the forefront of the progressive rock movement of the 1970s, with bands like PFM and Goblin. Today, Italian pop music is represented annually with the Sanremo Music Festival, which served as inspiration for the Eurovision song contest, and the Festival of Two Worlds in Spoleto. Singers such as the Grammy winner Laura Pausini, classical crossover artist Andrea Bocelli, and European chart topper Eros Ramazzotti have attained international acclaim.j
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Main article: Sport in Italy v的
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Italian supporters celebrate World Cup victory in 2006Popular sports include football, basketball (2nd national team sport since the 1950s), volleyball, waterpolo, fencing, rugby, cycling, ice hockey (mainly in Milan, Trentino-Alto Adige and Veneto), roller hockey and F1 motor racing. Winter sports are most popular in the Northern regions, with Italians competing in international games and Olympic venues. Sports are incorporated into Italian festivities like Palio (see also Palio di Siena), and the Gondola race (regatta) that takes place in Venice on the first Sunday of September. Sports venues have extended from the Gladiatorial games of Ancient Rome in the Colosseum to the Stadio Olimpico of contemporary Rome, where football clubs compete. The most popular sport in Italy is football, the Serie A being one of the most famous competitions in the world. Italy's national football team is the second most successful team in the world (with four world cup victories, the first one of which was in 1934) and the actual FIFA world champion. 为中
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[hide]v • d • e Italy topics 0
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History Timeline Etruscan Civilization · Ancient Rome (Kingdom · Republic · Empire) · Middle Ages · Renaissance · Italian Wars · Foreign domination · Unification (Risorgimento) · Monarchy and the World Wars · Republic 日我这
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Topics Military history · Economic history · Constitutional history · Current events 国
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Politics Constitution · Constitutional Court · Presidenkt · Parliament · Senate · Prime Minister · Chamber of D是eputies · Courts · Supreme Court · Elections · Politica以l parties · M 个0ilitary o
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Geography Areas Alps · 月Apennines · Northern / Central / S的outhern Italy 北美枫swz
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Topics Animals · Cities · Islands · National parks · Plants · Regions · Provinces · Municipalities w在如
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Economy Bank of Italy · Companies · Borsa Itakliana (main stock exchange) · Taxation · Transportation 北美枫y· Communications 不的
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Demographics Immigramtion · Citizenship · Languages · Religion · Eduucation 时
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Culture Architecture · Art · Cinema · Cuisine · Famou如s Itali中ans · Holidays · Literature · Music (Classical · Opera 2· Pop · Rock) · Newspapers · Radio · Fas 6ccism · Sport 为天
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1 According to Mitrica, an October 2005 Romanian report estimates that 1,061,400 Romanians are living in Italy, constituting 37.2% of 2.8 million immigrants in that country[24] but it is unclear how the estimate was made, and therefore whether it should be taken seriously.f年m何
2 See also (in Italian): L. Lepschy e G. Lepschy, La lingua italiana: storia, varietà d'uso, grammatica, Milano, Bompiani0
3 Official French maps show the border detouring south of the main summit, and claim the highest point in Italy is Mont Blanc de Courmayeur (4,748 m), but these are inconsistent with an 1861 convention and topographic watershed analysis.C
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References来
^ Quality-of-life Survey, The Economist 的
^ OLD, p. 974: "first syl北美文学网l. naturally short (cf. Quint.Inst.1.5.18), and so scanned in Lucil.这825, but in dactylic verse lengthened mestri gratia." 北美枫何我天
^ Mallory, J.P. and D.Q. Adams, Ency 北美枫春clopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 19 dB97: p. 24 春
^ Guillotining, M., History of Earliest Italy, trans. Ryle, M & Soper, K. in Jerome Lectures, Seventeenth Series, p.50 r时
^ Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2001, ch. 2. ISBN 0306464632. 一
^ Luca Cerchiai, Lorena Jannelli, Fausto Longo, Lorena Janelli, 2004. The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily (Getty Trust) ISBN 0-89236-751-2 v 日时
^ T. J. Dunbabin, 1948. The Western Greeks jwD
^ A. G. Woodhead, 1962. The Greeks in the West 们
^ Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, "The Biggest Epidemics of History" (La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire, in L'Histoire n°310, June 2006, pp.45–46 以u
^ (Smith, Dennis Mack (1997). Modern Italy; A Political History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472108956, pp. 15.) 和
^这 (Bosworth (2005), pp. 49.) 北美文学网 北美枫月
^ (Italian) Italia 1946: le donne al voto, dossier a cura di Mariachiara Fugazza e Silvia Cassamagnaghi 大自
^ "Italian soldiers leave for L北美文学网ebanon Il Corriere della Sera, 30 Augusts 2006 7
^ The fifteen major spenders in 2006. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Website. f
^ United States Institute of Peace. Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units (PDF). s以t
^ demo.ist4at北美文学网.it/str2006/index.html. 北美枫3 l以
^ www.birn.eu.com/en/111/15/5745/. t北美文学网
^ demo.istat.it/str2006/index.html. 不o7
^ news.b们bc.co.uk/2/hi/europ 个自e/70 来i78532.stm. 是上
^ Index of Economic Freedom du了
^ International Tourism Receipts (PDF). UNWTO Tourism Highlights, Edition 2005 12. World Tourism Organization. Retrieved on 2006-05-24. 国
^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size 上自
^ All Nobel Laureamtes in Literature. cf
^ Mitrica, Mihai Un3说0 milion de romani s-au mutat in Italia ("One million Romanians have9 mov 人ned to Italy"). Evenimentul Zilei, October 31, 2005. 和Vi 个是sited April 11, 2006. 花
Other references can be found in the molre detailed ar8大们ticles linked to in this arqticle.了中y
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