 冰岛共和国（The Republic of Iceland）代码IS,简称冰岛。公元1903年冰岛曾将一只银白色隼的图案镶在国徽的图案上,作为本民族的标志，国花为三色堇。时不们
它位于欧洲的西北部，面积10.3万平方公里，人口27.6万（2002年，全部是斯堪的纳维亚人。新教福音信义会是冰岛的国教会，教徒占全国人口的97%。官方语言为冰岛语。外贸函电及商务洽谈可用英语。首都雷克雅未克。冰岛有“火山岛”、“雾岛”、“冰封的土地”、“冰与火之岛”之称。天
1918年12月1日独立，但实际上仍臣属于丹麦。1944年6月成立共和国。1971年12月8日与我国建交。 国 8日
冰岛人均近三万美元，属中等发达国家。水这产资源丰富，渔产品出口额占冰岛总出口额的80%左右， 全国13.5%的人口依靠捕鱼和渔加工业为生。渔业是冰岛国民经济的重要小支柱。冰岛的渔类主要有鳕鱼，青鱼，沙丁北美枫小B鱼，比目鱼等， 其中以鳕鱼最多，肉味可口上，经济价值很高是一种高级5食品，甚受欧洲市场欢迎。年捕鱼量1979年创164.9万吨的历史最高记录，人 们春均7.27吨，居世界首位。8和i4
白隼是冰岛的国鸟。这是一种北极鸟，体形大，飞得快、善于攻击其他鸟类。白隼有三种色型,真正白色的极少,异常珍贵。7
冰岛货币为冰岛克朗。以北美文学网
当地商店的营业时间，正常工作时间，从上午9时至中午12时，下午1时至5时。某些商店星期六营业半天，但夏季除外。上是
冰岛多山，在劳格湖风景区一带，是一片小平原，西侧有一块巨大的石壁，长7公里，高30米，象一堵屏风，具有良好的扩音效果，使坐在各个角落的会议参加者都能听到大会的发言。这样的露天会场，真是别具情趣。风3v了
雷克雅未克是冰岛第一大港，全国政治、经济、文化中心。有鱼类加工、化工、水泥等工业。雷克雅未克数百年间，它一直是一座庄园。17世纪初成为国王的皇家庄园。1944年成为首都，也是外国人到冰岛旅游的起点。雷克雅未克和欧洲所有的首都不同，并非到处都有高楼大厦。市内交通四通八达，乘客上车自动将钱投入钱箱，不设售票员。这个城市的暖气设备和热水供应称世界第一。环境优美、空气清新，是一座世界上少有的无烟城市。7C
冰岛人受够了连绵寒冬，对阳光无限热爱。每年6、7月份，午夜常有太阳照耀，如同白昼，甚至可以看书写信。到了冬天，则刚好相反，有时整天不见太阳，而月亮当头。自古以来，冰岛人就有读书习惯，每到冬天，长夜漫漫，人们就在屋子里读书学习，冰岛是文化水平较高的国家。i lc
中国可派船的基本港是斯特勒因斯维克港，该岛为冰岛船厂的专用港口，这是出口成交方面。在进口成交方面，中国方面可派船接货的转船或转船港口是阿库雷里、胡萨维克和雷克雅未克。我国发冰岛的航空和水陆路邮件均由北京散寄丹麦转。电报、电话均由北京经伦敦转。9x
对冰岛人来说，给小费是一种侮辱。用姓称呼冰岛人是不礼貌的，应该叫他们的名字。约会不一定非准时不可。谈工作一般不需要事先约会，“顺便进来坐坐”是冰岛的传统。如应邀到主人家去吃饭，一般情况下给男主人或女主人带件小礼品就可以了。以
这 北美枫国
x
国家地理7
自然地理：面积为１０．３万平方公里。是欧洲最西部的国家，位于北大西洋中部，靠近北极圈，冰川面积占８０００平方公里，为欧洲第二大岛。海岸线长约４９７０公里。全境３／４是海拔４００－８００米的高原，其中１／８被冰川覆盖。有１００多座火山，其中活火山２０多座。华纳达尔斯赫努克火山为全国最高峰，海拔２１１９米。冰岛几乎整个国家都建立在火山岩石上，大部分土地不能开垦，是世界温泉最多的国家，所以被称为冰火之国。多喷泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流，最大河流锡尤尔骚河长２２７公里。冰岛属寒温带海洋性气候，变化无常。因受墨西哥湾暖流影响，较同纬度的其他地方温和。夏季日照长，冬季日照极短。秋季和冬初可见极光。 72
北美枫d 有个
同北京时差 比格林尼治时间晚1小时；比北京时间晚9小时3人8
国际电话码 354C
人口：２７．６万人（２００２年）月。绝大多数为冰岛人，属日耳曼族。 yy官方语言为冰岛语，英语为通用语言。近９如０％的人信奉基督教路德北美文学网教派。Do
首都：雷克雅未克（Reykjavik），人口１１２n风这２６８人（２００１年１２月），年平均气中温４.３℃。全国近2三分之一的人生活在D雷北美枫要上克雅9未克。 g
行政区划：全国分为２３个省、２１个自治市和２０３个教区。 为m 生1
简史：８世纪末，爱尔兰修道 1u士首先移居冰岛。９世纪后半叶，挪威开始向冰岛移民。公元９３０年建立议会和冰岛mhc联邦。１２６２年，冰岛和挪威签定协议，冰岛臣属于挪威。１３８０年冰、挪同归丹麦统治。１９０４年获内部自治。１９１８g年，冰丹签订联邦法，规定冰为主权国家，q但外交事务仍由丹麦控制。１９４０年丹麦n被德国占领，冰丹关系中断。同年英军进驻s，次年美军取代英军驻冰。１９４４年６月j１６日冰议会正式宣布解散冰丹联盟，１如７日成立冰岛共和国。１９４６年加入联合国，１９４９年成为北约成员国。m小6t
g
北美枫t
2
国家历史m全
k来
0北美枫一上
移民时期和古代冰岛共和国，公北美文学网元860年挪威人的船只遇难漂流至冰岛。 874年小被挪威国王驱逐的部落首领英格尔夫.阿耳纳逊军领家族和奴隶来冰岛定居,他们将一处有花自喷温泉的地方命名为雷克雅未克(冒烟的峡了36湾)。此后来自挪威,间或亦有来自爱尔兰的移 们我 民不断增加。10世纪前期,冰岛历史上的移民时期结束。 930年在雷克雅未克首次召开了名北美文学网为阿耳庭的全体居民大会。阿耳庭既是立法如会议,也是仲裁纠纷的法庭。 965年阿耳庭将全岛划分成4个行政区,各设一个由3名族长共同掌管的法庭,形成了古代的冰岛共和国。此期日经济有较大发展。基督教传入,并于公元1000年北美文学网成为国教。由于封建贵族纷纷投靠挪威,1262年n冰岛成为挪威 的附属国,由挪威国王指派总督 北美枫z管治,从而结束了存在 300年之久的古代共和局北美文学网面。 1202年以后的冰岛 冰岛臣服于挪威后,阿这耳庭丧失立法权,只起司法机关的作用。挪威总督把挪威的法律推行到冰岛,对冰岛事务有来决定权。1380年丹麦国王兼任挪威国王,冰岛亦8z这成为丹麦的附庸国,引起冰岛人民的反对。1534x年挪威被丹麦兼并,冰岛亦成为丹麦属地。 16世纪 30年代后期,科拉教区大主教J.阿拉松(1484何来我一 1550)发动冰岛人民反对丹麦的统治,后被镇压。1602年 丹麦国王克里斯蒂安四世在冰岛推北美枫一c行贸易垄断制度,规定哥本哈根等三地的丹麦如商人拥有在冰岛从事贸易的特权。贸易垄断长期束缚着冰岛经济发展,直到1854年丹 麦才j被迫取消这种制度。 从19世纪中叶起,冰岛民c族主义运动在J .西古尔茨松(1811一1879)领导下逐渐高涨起来。在冰岛人民要求自治与独立国的压力之下,丹麦不得不在1843年同意冰岛重建北美文学网阿耳庭,但又规定阿耳庭只是咨询机构而不是c权力机构。1849年冰岛要求对内自治权,并且在了j大1851年召开 全国会议正式提出实行自治的主张。经过谈判,冰岛在1874年赢得对内实行自治的B权力,阿耳庭成为立法机构并制订自己的宪法,7但一切重大问题仍需报请丹麦政府批准。1903x年冰岛才单独设立政府来处理国内事务。19世北美文学网纪末冰岛独立党建立。1916年社会民主党和进步党也相继成立。这些政党在争取独立的斗争中发挥了作用。1918年11月30日丹麦、冰岛签c订联盟条约,规定冰岛为主权国北美文学网家,但外交事务由丹麦控制。丹麦国王仍为冰9岛的国家元首。1940年4月丹麦被法西斯德国占以领后,冰岛同丹麦的联系被切断。冰岛阿耳庭北美文学网宣布行使外交权和军事防御权。5月,英国出兵北美文学网占领了冰岛。1941年7月8日,冰岛与美国签订《来战时防务条约》,美军代替英军进驻冰岛。 冰7岛共和国时期 第二次世界大战结束前,冰岛于1944年2月25日宣布冰丹联盟条约过期。3月8日,z冰岛阿耳庭通过一部新宪法,决定成立共和国8大z。6月16日正式宣布冰岛脱离丹冰联盟。6月17日,冰岛共和国宣布成立,S.比耶松任第一届总了n天统。美国驻冰岛军队于1945年撤回, 仅保留了2凯夫拉维克空军基地。1949年冰岛加入了北大山在C西洋公约组织,1951年同美国缔结条约,以美承 来o担冰岛防御责任为条件允许美国在冰岛驻军8在上。1956年以前,冰岛政府大多由农民进步党和独全u年立党联合组阁。1959年后大多由社会民主党和北美文学网独立党联合组阁。美国军事基地问题长期成D为冰岛人民所关切的政治问题,1971年由人民联u盟和左派自由联盟等政党联合组阁的冰岛政府要求美国撤回驻军。同年12月8日,冰岛与中全nh国建立外交关系。 冰岛经常遇到的另一重大问题是捕鱼区划界问题。 1958年冰岛决定将捕鱼区扩大到12海里,英国再三反对, 两年后才予 来山承认。60年代国际渔业不景气,冰岛为保护民 人s族利益,1972年将捕鱼区扩大到50海里。英国、天联邦德国对此提出强硬抗议,英国还出动军舰为英国渔船护航,并与冰岛的巡逻艇发生多次纠纷,形成了旷日持久的冰英捕鱼战。海牙国际法庭于1974年判决拒绝认可冰岛宣布的50海里捕鱼区。冰岛于1974年又宣布将捕鱼区扩大至200海里。冰、英两国于1976年断绝外交关系,经3个月谈判英国承认了冰岛200海里捕鱼区,并与冰岛复交。1980年8月1日,V.芬博阿多蒂尔成为世界上第一位民选女总统,1984年8月1日连任。日 1全
风r
3z7 1为
国家政治D了
政治：实行共和制，议会和总统共同执掌立全法权，法院执掌司法权，总统和政府共同拥有行政权。总统为国家元首，通过直接选举x产生，对政府的行为享有否决权，任期四年小，可连选连任。议会原分上下两院，１９９１年１０月合并为一了不s院，共有议员６３名，任期四年。冰岛不建 北美枫上立军队。1qw 一
北美文学网
9风
国家经济 g天
经济：渔业是经济支柱，工业以渔产品加工自和炼铝等高能耗工业为主。外贸依存度大。中渔业、水利和地热资源丰富，其他自然资源匮乏，石油等产品需要进口。可开发的年水全j年力发电量为６４０亿度，地热能年发电量可达７２亿度。工业基础薄弱，除渔产品加工c和针织等轻工业外，工业以炼铝等高能耗工 y全业为主。渔业是冰岛国民经济的支柱产业，北美文学网主要鱼种有毛鳞鱼、鳕鱼和青鱼，绝大部分不渔产品出口，渔产品出口占商品出口总额的北美文学网近７０％。冰岛的渔船队装备精良，鱼类加e工技术在世界上占领先地位。所处纬度高, 日t9这照量少，仅南部几个农场年产４００～５０ 生e０吨农作物。可耕地面积１０００平方公里，占全国总面积的１％。畜牧业占较主要地上位，大部分农业用地被用做饲料草场。相应的毛纺业和制革业比较发达。肉、奶、蛋自这给有余，粮食、蔬菜、水果基本依靠进口。温室培育西红柿、黄瓜产量可满足国内７０m这q％的消费。服务业在国民经济中占重要地位何Bi，包括商业、银行、保险和公共服务等，其j产值约占国内生产总如值的一半，从业人数占总劳力的三分之二强。１９８０年起大力发展旅游事业。主要旅游点有大冰川、火山地貌、地热喷泉和瀑布等。冰岛的人均国内生产总值近３万美元，名列世界前茅。那里的空气与水源的清新纯净在世界上堪称第一。人的平均寿命达到女８２．２岁，男７８．１岁。全民文化程度较高，早在１００多年前冰岛就消灭了文盲。１９９９年冰岛已成为世界上移动电话普及率最高的国家。 的北美文学网
ju
时
国家军事94
军事：根据宪法，冰岛不设立军队。１９４９年加入北大西洋公约组织，１９５１年同美国签订防务协定，由美国负责其防务。美在冰设有空军基地和驻军，并配有战斗机、猎潜飞机和雷达站等军事装备和设施。冰岛有一支海洋巡逻队，备有巡逻艇和一些小型飞机，负责渔区保护和海上救护工作。的C
s们
对外关系们花3
与中国关系：１９７１年１２月８日，冰岛在与中国建立大使级外交关系。１９９６年，两国政府签署了中冰避免双重征税协定，小这是冰岛与欧洲及北美以外的第一个国家签署避免双重征税协定。２００２年６月，国g家主席江泽民对冰岛进行国事访问。２００５年５月，花冰岛总统了ie格里姆松对中国进行8我国国事访问。Bj
w月 su
观光旅游
冰岛对大多数探险爱好者来说是一个理想之地，现在来自美国的探险者数量是１０年前q的两倍，２００３年，总数达到了３０万人——是这个国家人口总数的两倍还多。最具说服力的是冰岛当地的弗迦拉巴克探险装备7旅游公司，每年都以惊人的速度找到新的探险路线。比如一些绿色沼泽和奥拉菲沙漠中的苔原地带，春季炎热的阿拉斯加火山口和8中8大量知善鸟的聚集地韦斯特曼纳群岛。在冰m全f岛居民大量集中的南部海岸附近，８０％的火山岛与冰河、湖泊、山洞熔岩混在一起，加上杂草丛生，似乎永远没有走出北美文学网去的可能。fA人
Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland (Icelandic: Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland (names of Iceland); IPA: [ˈliðvɛltɪθ ˈistlant]) is a country in northern Europe, comprising the island of Iceland and its outlying islets in the North Atlantic Ocean between the rest of Europe and Greenland.[1] It is the least populous of the Nordic countries and the second smallest; it has a population of about 316,000 (April 1, 2008 estimate) and a total area of 103,000 km². Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík. 北美文学网A
7花j
Located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland is volcanically and geologically active on a large scale; this defines the landscape in various ways. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterized by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many big glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Warmed by the Gulf Stream, Iceland has a temperate climate relative to its latitude and provides a habitable environment and nature.要大
他他
The settlement of Iceland began in 874 when, according to Landnámabók, the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norwegian settler on the island.[2] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the next centuries, people of Nordic and Gaelic origin settled in Iceland. Until the twentieth century, the Icelandic population relied on fisheries and agriculture, and was from 1262 to 1918 a part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. In the twentieth century, Iceland's economy and welfare system developed quickly. In recent decades, Iceland has seen economic reforms, free trade in the European Economic Area, and diversification from fishing to new economic fields in services, finance, and various industries. 何 1w
全人c自
Today, Iceland has some of the world's highest levels of economic freedoms[3] as well as civil freedoms. As of 2007, Iceland is the most developed country in the world with fellow Nordic country Norway according to the Human Development Index[4] and one of the most egalitarian, according to the calculation provided by the Gini coefficient[5]. It is also the fourth most productive country per capita.[6] Icelanders have a rich culture and heritage, like cuisine and poetry thus the country itself has many names coined by poets. Iceland is a member of the UN, NATO, EFTA, EEA and OECD, but not of the European Union. The country is a candidate for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council.是 A
在这
Topography 国
时 l2
Strokkur, a geyser in the process of erupting. Lying on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland is one of the most geologically active areas on Earth.Iceland is located in the North Atlantic Ocean just south of the Arctic Circle, which passes through the small island of Grímsey off Iceland's northern coast, but not through mainland Iceland. Unlike neighbouring Greenland, Iceland is considered to be a part of Europe, not of North America, though geologically the island belongs to both continents. Because of cultural, economic and linguistic similarities, Iceland in many contexts is also included in Scandinavia. The closest bodies of land are Greenland (287 km) and the Faroe Islands (420 km). The closest distance to the mainland of Europe is 970 km (to Norway). s8
A
以
Iceland, ams seen from sp这ace 我中有来
Iceland, as seen from space on January 29, 2004. Source: NASAIceland is the world's 18th largest island, and Europe's second largest island following Great Britain. The country is 103,000 km² (39,768.5 sq mi) in size, of which 62.7% is wasteland. Lakes and glaciers cover 14.3%; only 23% is vegetated. [7] The largest lakes are Þórisvatn (Reservoir): 83–88 km² (32–34 sq mi) and Þingvallavatn: 82 km² (32 sq mi); other important lakes include Lögurinn and Mývatn. Öskjuvatn is the deepest lake at 220 m (722 ft).大3kC
g我j
生9x
A map of Iceland with major towns marked.Many fjords punctuate its extensive coastline, which is also where most settlements are situated because the island's interior, the Highlands of Iceland, is a cold and uninhabitable combination of sand and mountains. The major towns are the capital Reykjavík, Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, Reykjanesbær, where the international airport is located, and Akureyri. The island of Grímsey on the Arctic Circle contains the northernmost habitation of Iceland.[8]是北美文学网
时 l要
Iceland has four national parks: Jökulsárgljúfur Natio他nal Park, Skaftafell National Park, Snæfellsjökull National Park, nand Þingvellir National Park.
何北美文学网
i风
Geolog和ical activity8h大 g
A geologically young land, Iceland is located on both the Iceland hotspot and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs right through it. This combined location means that geologically the island is extremely active, having many volcanoes, notably Hekla, Eldgjá, and Eldfell. The volcanic eruption of Laki in 1783–1784 caused a famine that killed nearly a quarter of the island's population;[9] the eruption caused dust clouds and haze to appear over mo和st of Europe and parts of Asia and Africa for several month C4s after the erupt5ion.全h62
北美文学网e
There are also many geysers in Iceland, including Geysir, from which the English word is derived. With this widespread availability of geothermal power, and because many rivers and waterfalls are harnessed for hydroelectricity, most residents have hot water and home heat cheaply. The island itself is composed primarily of basalt, a low-silica lava associated with effusive volcanism like Hawaii. But Iceland has various kinds of volcanoes, many of which produce more evolved lavas such as rhyolite and andesite.BB
A
u年一小
Dettifoss, the most powerful waterfall in Europe, is located in north-eastern Iceland.Iceland controls Surtsey, one of the youngest islands in the world. It rose above the ocean in a series of volcanic eruptions between November 8, 1963 and June 5, 1968.[8]的 为x
w风
自 8在
Climate他 一
Main article: Climate of Icelande g
The climate of Iceland's coast is cold oceanic. The warm North Atlantic Current ensures generally higher annual temperatures than in most places of similar latitude in the world. The winters are mild and windy while the summers are damp and cool. Regions in the world with similar climate include the Aleutian Islands, Alaska Peninsula and Tierra del Fuego although these regions are closer to the equator. Despite its proximity to the Arctic, the island's coasts remain ice-free through the winter. Ice incursions are rare, the last having occurred on the north coast in 1969.[10]要以
花sz
There are some variations in the climate between different parts of the island. Very generally speaking, the south coast is warmer, wetter and windier than the north. Low-lying inland areas in the north are the most arid. Snowfall in winter is more common in the north than the south. The Central Highlands are the coldest part of the country.我n 国
有生 有z
The highest air temperature recorded was 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) on 22 June 1939 at Teigarhorn on the south-eastern coast. The lowest was -38 °C (-36.4 °F) on 22 January 1918 at Grímsstaðir and Möðrudalur in the northeast hinterland. The temperature records for Reykjavík are 24.8 °C (76.6 °F) on 11 August 2004, and -24.5 °C (-12.1 °F) on 21 January 1918.春m
7北美枫
Mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures (°C) (1961–1990)[11] Location人1说 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1们A All Dr
Reykjavík[12] 1.9 2.8 3.2 5.7 9.4 11.7 13.3 13.0 10.1 6.8 3.4 2.2 High 7.0 国 8D
-3.0 -2.1 -2.0 0.4 3.6 6.7 8.3 7.9 5.0 2.2 -1.3 -2.8 Low 1.9 c
Akureyri[13] 0.9 1.7 2.1 5.4 9.5 13.2 14.5 13.9 9.9 5.9 2.6 1.3 High 们6.7 北美文学网
-5.5 -4.7 -4.2 -1.5 2.3 6.0 7.5 7.1 3.5 0.4 -3.5 如-5.1 Low 0.2 北美枫小 日2
这h5
日k A
Florka and fauna
BD了
An Icelandic sheepThe short time since the last ice age, 人pf10,000 years ago, has mostly prevented plants and animals f北美文学网rom migrating to the island or evolving locally. There are Baround 1,300 known species of insects in Iceland, which is 来r这ather low compared with other countries (about 925,000 are kaknown in the world). The only native land mammal when human上s arrived was the arctic fox, which came to the island at the end of the ice age, walking over the frozen se 来是a. There k6are no native reptiles or amphibiansx on the is全0以land.e 国
D g
Phytogeographically, Iceland belongs to the Arctic province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Iceland belongs to the ecoregion of Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra. Approximately three-quarters of the island are barren of vegetation; plant life consists mainly of grassland which is regularly grazed by livestock. The only tree native to Iceland is the northern birch Betula pubescens, which formerly formed forest over much of southern Iceland. Permanent human settlement greatly disturbed the isolated ecosystem of thin, volcanic soils and limited species diversity. The forests were heavily exploited over the centuries for firewood and timber. Deforestation caused a loss of critical topsoil due to erosion, greatly reducing the ability of birches to grow back. Today, only a few small birch stands exist in isolated reserves. The planting of new forests has increased the number of trees, but does not compare to the original forests. Some of the planted forests include new foreign species.来以
北美枫和
The animals of Iceland include the Icelandic sheep, cattl 来fe, and the sturdy Icelandic horse. Many varieties of fish live in the ocean waters surrounding Iceland, and the fishin 人cg industry is a main contributor to Iceland’s economy, ac5counting for more than half of its total exports. Wild mamm1q5als include the arctic fox, mink, mice, rats, rabbits and r r来eindeer. Before and around the 1900s polar bears occasionally visited the island, traveling on icebergs from Greenlandu. Birds, especially sea birds, are a very important part of Iceland's animal life. Puffins, skuas, and kittiwakes nest on its sea cliffs. Though Iceland no longer has a commercical whaling fleet (as of August, 2007) it still allows scientific whale hunts, which are not supported by the Scientifiec Committee of the Internationa86tl Whaling Commis北美文学网sion (IWC).s他
的
See also: Whaling in Iceland t以
n人要
See also: The Botany of Iceland xc
花e这
History 何
Main article: History of Icelandrz
w7这
A 19th century depiction of a meeting of the Alþingi at Þingvellir.7月
Age of3Ck settlement天C
See also Settlement of Iceland and Icelandic Commonwealth. 时k
The first people thought to have inhabited Iceland were I 生以rish monks or hermits who came in the ei了s他ghth century, but left with the arrival of Norsemen, who systematically settled Iceland in the period circa AD 870-930fe天. The first known permanent Norse settler was Ingólfur Arnarson, who built his homestead in Reykjavík in 874. Ingól 个1fur was followed by many other emigrant settlers, largely N日orsemen and their Irish slaves. By 930, most arable land had been claimed and the Althing, a legislative and judiciary山1C parliament, was founded as the political hub of the Icelan花dic Commonwealth. Christianity was adopted in 1000. The Com这monwealth lasted until 1262, when the political syste dum devised by the original settlers proved unable to cope with the increasing power of Icelan y3dic chieftains.了生春
年不这
9k
Middle Ages to the Early Mode2rn Era北美文学网
The internal struggles and civil strife of the Sturlung Era led to the signing of the Old Covenant, which brought Iceland under the Norwegian crown. Possession of Iceland passed to Denmark-Norway in the late 14th century when the kingdoms of Norway and Denmark were united in the Kalmar Union. In the ensuing centuries, Iceland became one of the poorest countries in Europe. Infertile soil, volcanic eruptions, and an unforgiving climate made for harsh life in a society whose subsistence depended almost entirely on agriculture. The Black Death swept Iceland in 1402–1404 and 1494–1495, each time killing approximately half the population.[14] l了
花0
自h风
Jón Sigurðsson, leader of the Icelandic independence movementAround the middle of the 16th century, King Christian III of Denmark began to impose Lutheranism on all his subjects. The last Catholic bishop in Iceland was beheaded in 1550, and the country subsequently became fully Lutheran. Lutheranism has since remained the dominant religion. In the 1600s and 1700s, Denmark imposed harsh trade restrictions on Iceland, while pirates from England, Spain and Algeria raided its coasts. A great smallpox epidemic in the 18th century killed around one-third of the population.[15][16] In 1783 the Laki volcano erupted, with devastating effects. The years following the eruption, known as the Mist Hardships (Icelandic: Móðuharðindin), saw the death of over half of all livestock in the country, with ensuing famine in which around a quarter of the population died.r 北美枫以
o 北美文学网和
Af
Independence and recent history9 v
In 1814, following the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark-Norway wa北美文学网s broken up into two separate kingdoms via the Treaty of Kiel. Iceland remained a Danish dependency. A new independenc北美文学网e movement arose under the leadership of Jón Sigurðsson, inspired by the romantic and nationalist ideologies of mainlland Europe. In 1874, Denmark granted Iceland home rule, 们在 which was expanded in 1904. The Act of Union, an agreement 一q with Denmark signed on December 1, 1918, recognized Icelan小d as a fully sovereign state under the Danish king. During the last quarter of the 19th century many Icelanders emigrated to North America, largely Canada, in search of better 生kliv如ing co何全7nditions.是北美文学网
个是
Iceland during World War II joined Denmark in asserting neutrality. After the German occupation of Denmark on April 9, 1940, Iceland's parliament declared that the Icelandic government should assume the Danish king's authority and take control over foreign affairs and other matters previously handled by Denmark on behalf of Iceland. A month later, British military forces occupied Iceland, violating Icelandic neutrality. In 1941, responsibility for the occupation was taken over by the United States Army. Allied occupation of Iceland lasted throughout the war. v大
9月
On December 31, 1943 the Act of Union agreement expired after 25 years. Beginning on May 20, 1944, Icelanders voted in a four-day plebiscite on whether to terminate the union with Denmark and establish a republic.[17] The vote was 97% in favor of ending the union and 95% in favor of the new republican constitution. Iceland formally became an independent republic on June 17, 1944, with Sveinn Björnsson as the first President. The Allied occupation force left in 1946. Iceland became a member of NATO on March 30, 1949, amid domestic controversy and riots and on May 5, 1951, a defense agreement was signed with the United States. American troops returned to Iceland and remained throughout the Cold War until autumn 2006.7上
x在
The immediate post-war period was followed by substantial economic growth, driven by industrialization of the fishing industry and Marshall aid and Keynesian government management of the economies of Europe, all of which promoted trade. The 1970s were marked by the Cod Wars – several disputes with the United Kingdom over Iceland's extension of its fishing limits. The economy was greatly diversified and liberalized following Iceland's joining of the European Economic Area in 1992.要D
来时
7
Government 8人
Main article:北美文学网 Polit中ics of Iceland 一何 g
Iceland is a representative democracy and a parliamentary北美文学网 republic. The modern parliament, called "Alþingi" (English: Althing), was founded in 1845 as an advisory 来body to the Danish king. It was widely 何在来seen as a reestablishment of the assembly founded in 930 ing the Commonwealth period and suspended in 1799. It currentl8i6y has sixty-three members, each of whom is elm2和ect8大山ed every fo何xyur years.月
时3tv
The president of Iceland is a largely ceremonial office that serves as a diplomat, figurehead and head of state, but who can also block a law voted by the parliament and put it to a national referendum. The current president is Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson. The head of government is the prime minister, who, together with the cabinet, takes care of the executive part of government. The cabinet is appointed by the president after general elections to Althing; however, this process is usually conducted by the leaders of the political parties, who decide among themselves after discussions which parties can form the cabinet and how its seats are to be distributed, under the condition that it has a majority support in Althing. Only when the party leaders are unable to reach a conclusion by themselves in reasonable time does the president exercise this power and appoint the cabinet himself. This has not happened since the republic was founded in 1944, but in 1942 the regent of the country (Sveinn Björnsson, who had been installed in that position by the Althing in 1941) did appoint a non-parliamentary government. The regent had, for all practical purposes, the position of a president, and Sveinn in fact became the country's first president in 1944.r
lx
Ct
Stjórnarráðið, the seat of the executive branchThe governments of Iceland have almost always been coalitions with two or more parties involved, due to the fact that no single political party has received a majority of seats in Althing in the republic period. The extent of the political powers possessed by the office of the president is disputed by legal scholars in Iceland; several provisions of the constitution appear to give the president some important powers but other provisions and traditions suggest differently. In 1980, Icelanders elected Vigdís Finnbogadóttir as president, the world's first directly elected female head of state. She retired from office in 1996.i
c说有0
Elections for the office of town councils, parliament and presidency are each held every four years. The next elections are scheduled for 2010, 2011 and 2008, respectively.hhx
天nse
h何春
Subdivisionso花5
Main article: Administrative and electoral divisions of Iceland9以
年有4 为d
The Althing in Reykjavík, with the cathedral on the left.Iceland is divided into regions, constituencies, counties, and municipalities. There are eight regions which are primarily used for statistical purposes; the district court jurisdictions also use an older version of this division.[1] Until 2003, the constituencies for the parliament elections were the same as the regions, but by an amendment to the constitution, they were changed to the current six constituencies:C
o 有v
Reykjavík North and Reykjavík South (city regions); 0
Southwest (four geographically separate suburban 人无Bareas arounld qReykjavík); kf 国
N这orthwest and Northeast (north half of Iceland, split); and, 人t是
South (south half of Iceland, excluding Reykjavík and suburbs). r人为是
The redistricting change was made in order to balance the weight of different districts of the country, since a vote cast in the sparsely populated areas around the country would count much more than a vote cast in the Reykjavík city area. The imbalance between districts has been reduced by the new system, but still exists.[1]和
D自
Iceland's twenty-three counties are, for the most part, historical divisions. Currently, Iceland is split up among twenty-six magistrates (sýslumenn) that represent government in various capacities. Among their duties are tax collection, administering bankruptcy declarations, and performing civil marriages. After a police re-organization in 2007, which combined police forces in multiple counties, about half of them are in charge of police forces. [1]的0
我2
There are seventy-nine municipalities in Iceland which govern local matters like schools, transportation and zoning. These are the actual second-level subdivisions of Iceland, as the constituencies have no relevance except in elections and for statistical purposes. Reykjavík is by far the most populous municipality, about four times more populous than Kópavogur, the second one. [1]春
为全大
sr不无
不来 国
Regions of Iceland北美文学网0
他 日c
Constituencies of Iceland 为小
春u
Cou 北美枫来nties of Icelands 北美文学网山
天wi
时 8B
s上3以上
Politics风在
Main article: Politics of Icelandt要
Iceland has a left-right multi-party system. The biggest party is the right wing Independence Party (’’Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn’’), while the second largest one is the social democratic Alliance (‘’Samfylkingin’’). Following the May 2007 parliamentary elections, these two formed a coalition, enjoying a strong majority in Althing, with 43 out of 63 members supporting it.的t
为自j
Other political parties that have a seat in Althing are the centrist Progressive Party (‘’Framsóknarflokkurinn’’), which had been in government with the Independence Party for 12 years before the 2007 election, the Left-Green Movement (‘’Vinstrihreyfingin - grænt framboð’’), founded in 1999, and the Centre-right Liberal Party. Many other parties exist on the municipal level, most of which only run locally in a single municipality.以7
北美文学网8花v
年我s的
Fore北美文学网ign relations9h和
Main article: Foreign relations of Iceland 国
Iceland maintains diplomatic and commercial relations with practically all nations, but its ties with the Nordic countries, Germany, the US, and the other NATO nations are particularly close. Icelanders remain especially proud of the role Iceland played in hosting the historic 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Reykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War. Iceland's principal historical international disputes involved disagreements over fishing rights. Conflict with Britain led to a series of so-called Cod Wars in 1952-1956 as a result of the extension of Iceland's fishing zone from 3 to 4 nautical miles (6 to 7 km), 1958-1961 following a further extension to 12 nautical miles (22 km), 1972-1973 with another extension to 50 nautical miles (93 km) and in 1975-1976: another extension to 200 nautical miles (370 km). sx v
个大
Iceland has no standing army. The U.S. Air Force maintained four to six Interceptors at the Keflavík base, until 30 September 2006 when they were withdrawn. Iceland supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq despite much controversy and condemnation in Iceland, deploying an Coast Guard EOD team to Iraq which was replaced later by members of the Icelandic Crisis Response Unit. Iceland has also participated in the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan and the 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia. de来
cB和
k如
Demographics我上
Main a和rticle: 山不时Demographics of Ic花eland 生w
Citizenship of Iceland residents (1.1.2008) [18] Total 313,376 0我q
Iceland 291,942 8的这
他Poland 8,488 2 g
Lithuania 1,332 j s他
Germany 984 是北美文学网
Denmark 966 i来
Portugal 890 不国大
Philippines 743 花a
Ex-Yugoslavia 651 天 国
United States 598 时c
Thailand 545 h来m
Latvia 431 0上
United Kingdom 420 我全
Sweden 407 8全 1他
China (PRC) 379 日d月
Ex-Czechoslovak北美枫是nia 365 个c
Norway 301 l3h们
others 3,934 7t
total (without Icelanders) 21,434 个的
The original population of Iceland was of Nordic and Celtic origin. This is evident from literary evidence dating from the settlement period as well as from later scientific studies such as blood type and genetic analyses. One such genetics study has indicated that the majority of the male settlers were of Nordic origin while the majority of the women were of Celtic origin.[19]我日
我有 日r
f的
Suburban Reykjavík. Over 60% of Icelanders live in the Reykjavík Metropolitan AreaIceland has extensive genealogical records dating back to the late 1600s and fragmentary records extending back to the Age of Settlement. The biopharmaceutical company deCODE Genetics has funded the creation of a genealogy database which attempts to cover all of Iceland's known inhabitants. It sees the database, called Íslendingabók, as a valuable tool for conducting research on genetic diseases, given the relative isolation of Iceland's population. 8个自
要 一
The population of the island is believed to have varied from 40,000 to 60,000 in the period from initial settlement until the mid-19th century. During that time, cold winters, ashfall from volcanic eruptions, and bubonic plagues adversely affected the population several times. The first census was carried out in 1703 and revealed that the population was then 50,358. After the destructive volcanic eruptions of the Laki volcano during 1783–1784 the population reached a low of about 40,000. Improving living conditions have triggered a rapid increase in population since the mid-19th century - from about 60,000 in 1850 to 316,000 in 2008.春t
人lsw和
In December 2007, 33,678 people (13.5% of the total population) who were living in Iceland had been born abroad, including children of Icelandic parents living abroad. 19,000 people (6% of the population) held foreign citizenship. Poles make up the far largest minority nationality (see table on the right for more details), and still form the bulk of the foreign workforce. About 9,000 Poles now live in Iceland, 1,500 of them in Reyðarfjörður where they make up 75 percent of the workforce who are building the Fjarðarál aluminium plant.[2]. The recent surge in immigration has been credited to a labor shortage because of the booming economy while restrictions on the movement of people from the Eastern European countries that joined the EU/EEA in 2004 have been lifted. Large-scale construction projects in the east of Iceland (see Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project) have also brought in many people whose stay is expected to be temporary. 一z
1时 8w
The south-west corner of Iceland is the most densely populated region. It is also the location of the capital Reykjavík, the northernmost capital in the world. The largest towns outside the greater Reykjavík area are Akureyri and Reykjanesbær, although the latter is relatively close to the capital.大 为个
来如
这2
10 most populous towns in IcelandD
List of ten most populous towns in Iceland. The population census is April 1, 2008 (estimate).时
w个0
Reykjavík 北美文学网- 118,861 北美文学网大
Kópavogur - 30,000 北美枫的风
Hafnarfjörður - 25,107 时c
Akureyri - 17,304 为0D
Reykjanesbær - 13,686 北美文学网
Garðabær - 10.139 月说全为
Mosfellsbær - 8,317 cB9
Árborg - 7,693 7们
Akranes - 6,419 来自B中
Fjarðabyggð - 5,000 不g要
o4
Language花一天
Main article: Icelandic language0x
Iceland's official written and spoken language is Icelandic, a North Germanic language descended from Old Norse. It has changed less from Old Norse than the other Nordic languages, has preserved more verb and noun inflection, and has to a considerable extent developed new vocabulary based on native roots rather than borrowings from English. It is the only living language to retain the runic letter Þ. The closest living language to Icelandic is Faroese. In education, the use of Icelandic Sign Language for Iceland's deaf community is regulated by the National Curriculum Guide.e 1小
他花3
English is widely spoken as a secondary language, and many Icelanders speak it at an almost native level. Danish is also widely understood. Studying both these languages is a mandatory part of the compulsory school curriculum.[20] Other commonly spoken languages are German, Norwegian and Swedish. Danish is mostly spoken in a way largely comprehensible to Swedes and Norwegians – it is often referred to as "Scandinavian" in Iceland.D 为j
dA
In addition to Icelandic, many immigrants speak their respective native languages.i要
说d无
A全
Religione风
C来
Hallgrímskirkja, Church of Hallgrímur, in Reykjavík, Iceland.Main article: Religion in Iceland全
Icelanders enjoy freedom of religion under the constitution, though there is no separation of church and state. The National Church of Iceland, a Lutheran body, is the state church. The national registry keeps account of the religious affiliation of every Icelandic citizen. In 2005, Icelanders divided into religious groups as follows:[21]年年oy
d2f
82.1% members of the National Church of Iceland. 花ut
4.7% members of the Free Lutheran Churches of Reykjavík and Hafnarfjörður. r不以
2.6% not members of any religious group. 国 北美文学网不
2.4% members of the Roman Catholic Church, which has a Diocese of Reykjavík (see also Bishop of Reykjavik (Catholic)) 国
5.5全% members of unregistered religious organisations or with no specified religious affiliation 小全
The remaining 2.7% is mostly divided between around 20–25 other Christian denominations and sects, and less than 1% are in non-Christian religious organisations. The largest non-Christian denomination is Íslenska Ásatrúarfélagið, a neopagan group.[22]春 lq
3vrx
Religious attendance is relatively low, as in other Nordic countries. The above statistics represent administrative membership of religious organizations and not the actual belief demographics of the population of Iceland.不i人s个
有u我为
他
Economy and infrastructure A以
Main article: Economy of Iceland春m
z是
Akureyri is the largest town in Iceland outside of the grzeater Reykjavík area. Most rural towns are based on the fi中shing industry, which provides 40% of Iceland's export. 9
The Blue Lagoon,a geothermal spa located near Reykjavík. 这
Gay parade in Iceland. Iceland has high economic liberties as well as civil liberties. Iceland is described as creative class hotspot by Richard Florida.Iceland is the fourth most productive country in the world by nominal gross domestic product per capita (54,858 USD), and the fifth most productive by GDP at purchasing power parity (40,112 USD). Except for its abundant hydro-electric and geothermal power, Iceland lacks natural resources; historically its economy depended heavily on the fishing industry, which still provides almost 40% of export earnings and employs 8% of the work force. The economy is vulnerable to declining fish stocks and drops in world prices for its main material exports: fish and fish products, aluminium, and ferrosilicon. Although the Icelandic economy still relies heavily on fishing, its importance is diminishing as the travel industry and other service, technology and various other industries grow. Economic growth slowed from 2000 to 2002, but the economy expanded by 4.3% in 2003 and 6.2% in 2004. The unemployment rate of ~1.0% (2007 est.) is among the lowest in the European Economic Area. 国i
dont山
Although Iceland is a very developed country, it is still one of the most newly-industrialized ones in Europe. Until the 20th century, it was probably the poorest country in Western Europe. The fast economic growth that it has experienced in the last decades is only recently allowing for upgrading of infrastructure such as transportation. The government coalition plans to continue its generally neo-liberal policies of reducing the budget and current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and privatising state-owned industries. The government remains opposed to EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders' concern about losing control over their fishing resources. sn来
他 一
Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, including software production, biotechnology, and financial services. The tourism sector is expanding, with the recent trends in ecotourism and whale-watching. Iceland's agriculture industry consists mainly of potatoes, turnips, green vegetables (in greenhouses), mutton and dairy products.[23] The financial center is Borgartún in Reykjavik, hosting a large number of companies and three investment banks. Iceland's stock market, the Iceland Stock Exchange (ISE), was established in 1985. A春
nAf说一个
The primary currency of Iceland is the Icelandic Króna (ISK). Iceland's then foreign minister Valgerður Sverrisdóttir said in an interview on 15 January 2007 that she seriously wished to look into whether Iceland can join the Euro without being a member of the EU. She believes it is difficult to maintain an independent currency in a small economy on the open European market.[24] An extensive poll, released on 11 September 2007, by Capacent Gallup showed that 53% of respondents were in favour of adopting the euro, 37% opposed and 10% undecided.[25]Dy
1来个
Iceland ranked 5th in the Index of Economic Freedom 2006 and 14th in 2008. Iceland has a flat tax system. The main personal income tax rate is a flat 22.75 percent and combined with municipal taxes the total tax rate is not more than 35.72%, and there are many deductions.[26] The corporate tax rate is a flat 18 percent, one of the lowest in the world.[26] Other taxes include a value-added tax and a net wealth tax. Employment regulations are relatively flexible. Property rights are strong and Iceland is one of the few countries where they are applied to fishery management.[26] Taxpayers pay various subsidies to each other, similar to European countries with welfare state, but the spending is less than in most European countries. Despite low tax rates, overall taxation and consumption is still much higher than countries such as Ireland. According to OECD, agricultural support is the highest among OECD countries and an impediment to structural change. Also, health care and education spending have relatively poor return by OECD measures. OECD Economic survey of Iceland 2008 highlights Iceland's challenges in currency and macroeconomic policy.[27]和 lh
要n04
Iceland is the most developed society in the world, ranked first on the United Nations’ Human Development Index. Icelanders are the second longest-living nation with a life expectancy at birth of 81.8 years. Iceland is one of the most egalitarian countries in the world, according to the calculation provided by the Gini coefficient.时来
e来
以
TransportationBew中
一y
The Ring Road of Iceland and some towns it passes through: 1.Reykjavík, 2.Borgarnes, 3.Blönduós, 4.Akureyri, 5.Egilsstaðir, 6.Höfn, 7.SelfossMain article: Transportation in Iceland上
The social structure of Iceland is very dependent upon the personal automobile. Icelanders have one of the highest levels of cars per capita: on average one car per inhabitant older than 17 years,[28]. Most Icelanders travel by car to work, school or other activities.北美枫人D个
北美枫小C
The main mode of transport in Iceland is road. Iceland has 13,034 km of administered roads, of which 4,617 km are paved and 8,338 km are not. Until the second half of the 20th century, Iceland could only afford to pave roads near the biggest towns. Today, roads are being improved throughout the country and freeways are being built in and around Reykjavík. Iceland currently has no railways. 国
北美文学网要
Route 1 or the Ring Road (Icelandic: Þjóðvegur 1 or Hringvegur) is a main road in Iceland that runs around the island and connects all inhabited parts (the interior of the island is uninhabited). The road is 1339 km long (840 miles). It has one lane in each direction, except near larger towns and cities and in the Hvalfjörður Tunnel where it has more lanes. Most smaller bridges on it are single lane and made of wood and/or steel. Most of the road's length is paved with asphalt, but some stretches in the east still have a gravel surface.f在
yj
The main hub for international transportation is Keflav自ík International Airport, which serves Reykjavík and the lcountry in general. It is 48km (30mi) to the west of Reykjavík. Domestic and regional flights to Greenland and the Fa上roe Islands operate out of Reykjavík Airport, which lies izn中 the city centre. There are 86 airport runways if个自n Iceland; mt天来ost of them are unpaved and located in rur1的9al areas.n g
ce
The Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant services the Greater Reykjavík Area's hot water needs.是0
EnergyB国上
See also: Renew人23able energ说y in Iceland 如
Renewable energy provides over 70% of the nation's primary energy.[29] Over 99% of the country's electricity is produced from hydropower and geothermal energy, and the country expects to be energy-independent by 2050.[30] Iceland's largest geothermal power plant is located in Nes月javellir, while the Kárahnjúkar dam will be the country's yu largest hydroelectric power plant.53小人
的 g
Yet, Icelanders still emit 10.0 tonnes of CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gasses per capita, higher than France or Spain. This is due to the wide use of personal transport. Iceland is the only country that has filling stations dispensing hydrogen fuel for cars powered by fuel cells. It is also one of only a few countries currently capable of producing hydrogen in adequate quantities at reasonable cost, because of Iceland's plentiful geothermal energy.f 1为
Bz春
大 d无
A classroom in an Icelandic gymnasium.u
Education, science, and technologyck
See also: Education in Iceland 我人D
The Ministry of Education, Science and Culture is responsible for the policies and methods that schools must use, and they issue the National Curriculum Guidelines. However, the playschools and the primary and lower secondary schools are funded and administered by the municipalities.i说人的
7
Nursery school or leikskóli, is non-compulsory education人们生 for children younger than six years, and is the first step小 in the education system. The current legislation concernin k2g playschools was passed in 1994. They are also responsible小 for ensuring that the curriculum is suitable so as to make the transition into compulsory ed如ucation as easy as possible. 们春D
月4
Compulsory education, or grunnskóli, comprises primary and lower secondary education, which often is conducted at the same institution. Education is mandatory by law for children aged from 6 to 16 years. The school year lasts nine months, and begins between 21 August and 1 September, ending between 31 May and 10 June. The minimum number of school days is 170, but after a new teachers’ wage contract, this will increase to 180. Lessons take place five days a week. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Icelandic secondary education as the 27th in the world, significantly below the OECD average. [3] 来A上
来1和
Upper secondary education or framhaldsskóli follows lower secondary education. These schools are also known as gymnasia in English. It is not compulsory, but everyone who has had a compulsory education has the right to upper secondary education. This stage of education is governed by the Upper Secondary School Act of 1996. All schools in Iceland are mixed sex schools.f
日y 北美文学网7
Iceland is a very technologically advanced society. By 1999, 82.3% of Icelanders had access to a computer. [31] Iceland also had 1,007 mobile phone subscriptions per 1,000 people in 2006, the 16th highest in the world. [32] 北美枫人
大
生日Iceland is home to Europ8们eean Mars Analog Research Station.7
我无天
t
Culture是r
Main article: Culture of Iceland个年上有
Icelandic culture has its roots in Norse traditions. Icelandic literature is popular, in particular the sagas and eddas which were written around the time of the island’s settlement. Icelanders place relatively great importance on independence and self-sufficiency; in a European Commission public opinion analysis over 85% of Icelanders found independence to be "very important" contrasted with the EU25 average of 53%, and 47% for the Norwegians, and 49% for the Danes.[33]2了
Cy
Some traditional beliefs remain today; for example, some Icelanders either believe in elves or are unwilling to rule out their existence.[34] Iceland ranks first on the Human Development Index, and was recently ranked the fourth happiest country in the world.[35]来
7
何
An example from Brennu-Njáls saga. The sagas are a signi说w7ficant part of the Icelandic heritage.Iceland is liberal ing terms of lesbian, gay bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) ma月tters. In 1996, Parliament passed legislation to create r 来为egistered partnerships for same-sex couples, covering nearlfD2y all the rightDs and benefits of marriage. In 2006, by unanimous vote of P日arliament, furtzhesr legislation was passed, granting same-sex couples the sam 6qe rights as different-sex couples in adoption, parentin北美文学网g and assisted insemination treatment.s的
上7
9花们
Literatu4re an7d the artsw他
Main articles: Icelandic literature and Art of Icezland 一nf
我要年wf
The poet Steinn Steinarr. by Einar Hákonarson.Iceland's best-known classical works of literature are the Icelanders' sagas, prose epics set in Iceland's age of settlement. The most famous of these include Njáls saga, about an epic blood feud, and Grœnlendinga saga and Eiríks saga, describing the discovery and settlement of Greenland and Vinland (modern Newfoundland). Egils saga, Laxdæla saga, Grettis saga, Gísla saga and Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu are also notable and popular Icelanders' sagas.j是
国个
A great translation of the Bibl 1ke was published in the 16th century. Impor87如tant compositions since the 15th to the 19th century includ 北美枫le sacred verse, most famously the Passíusálmar of Hallgrímur Pétursson, and rímur, rhymed epic poems with alliterative verse that consist in two to four verses per stanza, popular until the end of the 19th century. In recent times, Iceland has produced many great writers, the best-known of which is arguably Halldór Laxness who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1955. Steinn Steinarr was an influential modernist poet. y要j
j4
The distinctive rendition of the Icelandic landscape by ikts painters can be linked to nationalism and the movement t月o home rule and independence, which was very active in this period. 一大我1
人这C
Contemporary Icelandic painting is typically traced to the work of Þórarinn Þorláksson, who, following formal training in art in the 1890s in Copenhagen, returned to Iceland to paint and exhibit works from 1900 to his death in 1924, almost exclusively portraying the Icelandic landscape. Several other Icelandic men and women artists learned in Denmark Academy at that time, including Ásgrímur Jónsson, who together with Þórarinn created a distinctive portrayal of Iceland's landscape in a romantic naturalistic style. Other landscape artists quickly followed in the footsteps of Þórarinn and Ásgrímur. These included Jóhannes Kjarval and Júlíana Sveinsdóttir. Kjarval in particular is noted for the distinct techniques in the application of paint that he developed in a concerted effort to render the characteristic volcanic rock that dominates the Icelandic environment. Einar Hákonarson is an expressionistic and figurative painter who brought the figure back into Icelandic painting.uy
z他
Icelandic architecture draws from Scandinavian influences. The scarcity of native trees resulted in traditional houses being covered by grass and turf. v
不说
他
Music的k
Main article: Music of 们Iceland北美枫r在e
Icelandic music is related to Nordic music, and includes vibrant folk and pop traditions, including medieval music group Voces Thules, alternative rock band The Sugarcubes, singers Björk and Emiliana Torrini; and Sigur Rós. The national anthem of Iceland is "Lofsöngur", written by Matthías Jochumsson, with music by Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson .[36]来花他
ey
4
Björk is one of the most famous people from Iceland.Trad们itional Icelandic music is strongly religious. Hallgr国ímur Pétursson wrote many Protestant hymns in the 17th ce山psntury. Icelandic music was modernized in the 19th century, when Magnús Stephensen brought pipe organs, which were fol北美枫何jlowed by gharmoniums. 来lf
个 A
Other vital traditions of Icelandic music are epic alliterative and rhyming ballads called rímur. Rímur are epic tales, usually a cappella, which can be traced back to skaldic poetry, using complex metaphors and elaborate rhyme schemes. The best known rímur poet of the 19th century was Sigurður Breiðfjörð (1798-1846). A modern revitalization of the tradition began in 1929 with the formation of the organization Iðunn .[37]D时
x 有2
Icelandic contemporary music consists of a big group of bands, ranging from pop-rock groups such as Bang Gang, Quarashi and Amiina to solo ballad singers like Bubbi Morthens, Megas and Björgvin Halldórsson. The indie-scene is also very strong in Iceland, bands such as Múm, Sigur Rós and the solo artist Mugison are fairly well-known outside Iceland.风来
个 A
Many Icelandic artists and bands have had great success internationally, most notably Björk and Sigur Rós but also Quarashi, Ampop, Mínus and múm. The main music festival is arguably Iceland Airwaves, a yearly event on the Icelandic music scene, where Icelandic bands along with foreign ones occupy the clubs of Reykjavík for a week. 日b
为这 v
"Icelandic rímur" 北美枫r
c 有了
A sample from a rímur cycle performed by Sigurd Bardarso说要Cn on April 29, 1940 in fd春Carmel, Califqornia' B不和
为中2
Problems playing the files? See media help. x他
在
Mediaj
See also: Media in Iceland and cinema of Iceland u9
Iceland’s largest television stations are the state-run Sjónvarpið and the privately owned Stöð 2 and Skjár einn. Smaller stations exist, many of them local. Radio is broadcast throughout the country, including some parts of the interior. The main radio stations are Rás 1, Rás 2 and Bylgjan. The daily newspapers are Morgunblaðið, Fréttablaðið and 24 stundir. Icelanders are a very technologically advanced nation and a large proportion of them keep a blog. The most popular websites are the news sites Vísir and Mbl.is. [38]Bk
来要风
Iceland is home to the television station Nick Jr.'s animated program LazyTown (Icelandic: Latibær), a children's television program created by Magnús Scheving. It has become a very popular program for children and adults, and is shown in over 98 countries, including the UK, Canada, Sweden, the US and Latin America.[39] The Laz北美文学网yTown Studios are located in Gar上ðabær.中们
ex
他们
The puffin is common, especially in the southern part of Iceland, and is a part of Iceland's traditional cuisine.风
Cuisineh以wA
Main articles: Cuisine of Iceland and Þorramatur9我6
Most national Icelandic foods are based around fish, lamb and dairy products. Þorramatur is a national food consisting of many dishes and is usually consumed around the month of Þorri. Traditional dishes include skyr, cured ram scrota, cured shark, singed sheep heads and black pudding. v月
B全
The modern Icelandic diet is very diverse, and includes cuisines from all over the world. Like in other Western societies, fast food restaurants are widespread.2
以全
和不是
Sports要0
Main article: Sport in Iceland9 何
Sport is an important part of the Icelandic culture. The main traditional sport in Iceland is Glíma, a form of wrestling, thought to have originated in medieval times.春是
自3f月
Children and teenagers participate in various leisure act和ivities. Popular sports are football, track and field, hand 北美枫的ball and basketball. Others are golf, tennis, swimming, cheqss and horseback riding on Icelandic horses. Team handball is often referred to as a national sport, Iceland's team is one of the top-ranked teams in the world, and Icelandic women are surprisingly good at football compared to the size of the country, the national team ranked the 18th best by F9IFA. Iceland has excellent conditions for ice and rock clim 一sbing, although mountain climbing and hiking is prefe这rred by the general public. Iceland also has the most Strongman com北美枫小1petition wins. 人无 lD
e 国
The oldest sport association in Iceland is the Reykjavik Shooting Association, founded 1867. Rifle shooting became very popular in the 19th century and was heavily encouraged by politicians and others pushing for Icelandic independence. Shooting remains popular and all types of shooting with small arms is practised in the country. [40]北美枫山我
|
