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国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比为３：２。由北美文学网宽度相等这的五道白色宽条和四道蓝色宽条相间相连构x成，旗面左上角为白色正方形，内有一轮全8来“五月的太阳”。乌拉圭历史上曾同阿根廷组成一个国家，所以两国国旗都有蓝、白色 生B和“五月的7太阳”；九道宽条代表当时组成共和国的九个2政治区域；太阳放射八这道直线和八道波状光芒，它象征2国家的独立。 ge
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国徽：呈椭圆形。椭圆面上有四组图案；左上角为一副天平，象征正义；右上角为多岩石的要塞，象征首都蒙得维的亚；左下角为奔驰的骏马，象征自由；右下角为一头牛，象征财富和畜牧业。椭圆形两侧以橄榄枝和月桂枝装饰，象征和平与胜利；上端是“五月的太阳”。说1t
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货币： 北美枫大乌拉何v3圭比索上
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独立日：８月２５日（１８２５年） f
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国庆日：８月２５日（１８２５年） Dy
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疆域：约176,220万平方公里，世界第八十八t们
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自然地理：全境面积１７６２１５平方公里4。位于南美洲东南部，拉普拉塔河东岸，北何yx同巴西接壤，西与阿根D廷交界，东南濒临大西洋。海岸线长约６０e０公里。境内地势大部分平坦，南部是起伏 们7的平原；北部和东部有少数低山分布；西南年to部土地肥沃；东南部多斜坡草地。大库奇利2亚山脉由南向东北延伸至巴西边境，海拔４f春1５０—６００米。乌拉圭河为乌与阿根廷的国界河。内格罗河发源于巴西高原，流经国境中部，注入乌拉圭河，全长８００多公里。 来w位于内格罗河上的内罗格水库，是南美最大北美文学网的人工湖之一（面积约１万平方公里）。属e温带气候全b1，乌拉圭以优美的自然风光和安定的社会环中境，被誉为“南 生来美瑞士”；又因其 生1形似宝石而何不p又盛产紫晶石，被誉为“钻石之国”。 8如有北美枫
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人口：３１７．３５万（１９他９６年）。其中白e人占９０％，印欧混血种人占８％。官方语小言是西班牙语。６０％的居民信奉北美文学网天主教。 来C
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首都：蒙得维们的亚（zMontevideo） 月C
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历史：早期的乌拉圭河东岸地区居住着查鲁亚印第安人。１５１６年初被西班牙探险队发现。１６８０年后一直是西班牙和葡萄牙殖民者争夺的对象。１７２６年，西班牙殖民者建立蒙得维的亚，乌拉圭沦为西班牙的殖民地。１７７６年西班牙将该地区并入拉普拉塔总督辖区。１８１１年民族英雄何塞·阿蒂加斯领导人民进行独立战争，并于１８１５年控制了全境。１８１６年葡萄牙再次入侵，并于１８２１年７月将乌并入巴西。１８２５年８月２５日，胡安·安东尼奥·拉瓦列哈等一批爱国者收复了蒙得维的亚城，宣告乌拉圭独立，并将８月２５日定为国庆日。２０世纪上半叶，乌经济稳定、社会安宁。１９７３年发生军事政变。１８２８年８月２７日巴西和阿根廷签订蒙得维的亚和约，承认乌拉圭独立。１９８４年７月，军政府决定还政于民。由于它位于乌拉圭河的东岸，故国名定为乌拉圭东岸共和国。 0是
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宪法：１８３０年７月１８日颁布第一部宪法，后多次修改。１９５１年的宪法废除了总统制，建立国务会议制（最高行动权力机构）。１９６６年修宪，恢复总统制。１９７３年军人政变后停止实施宪法。１９８５年民选政府上台后即予恢复。宪法规定实行民主共和制，设总统和副总统各一名。总统、副总统、国会议员和各省省长均由选举产生，任期五年。总统可隔届再次竞选。总统为武装力量最高统帅，副总统为当然参议员，兼任国会主席和参议长。i v
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经济：盛产大理石、紫水晶石、玛瑙、乳白石等。已探明有铁、锰等矿藏。林业和渔业资源丰富，盛产黄鱼、鱿鱼和鳕鱼。乌拉圭是一个传统农牧业国家。工业不发达，以农牧产品加工业为主。经济依赖出口，主要出口产品有肉类、羊毛、水产品、皮革和稻米等。２０世纪９０年代以来，乌实行新自由主义经济政策，在推进传统产业的同时更注重非传统产业的发展，积极参与地区经济一体化。受阿根廷、巴西经济复苏的影响，乌经济于２００３年出现复苏并在２００４年有所增长。旅游业较发达。境外游客主要来自阿根廷，巴西、巴拉圭和智利等周边国家。埃斯特角和首都蒙得维的亚是主要旅游地。来n如y
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新闻出版：２０００年共有报刊３７４种， l4其中日报３１种。主要报纸有：《国家报》是，１９１８年创刊；《晨报》１９１和７年创刊；以及《共和国报》、《观察家报》和《最新消息报》等。全国有各类电台２８４家，电视台６０家，有线电视台 6p１２上０家。 北美枫6C
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外交：奉行和平与开放、尊重别国主权、不干涉内政和不诉诸武力的外交政策。主张多元外交，外交关系不受政治制度的限制，在自决和不干涉别国内政的原则基础上同世界各国保持和发展友好合作关系。强调外交指导方针是维护国家利益，注重经济外交。花国北美文学网
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与中国关系： １９８８年２月３日，乌拉 db圭与中国建立外交关系。据中国海关总署统月计，２００３年中国同乌拉圭贸易总额为２. 北美枫x０３亿美元。２００５月年５月，全国政协主席贾庆D林对mj1乌拉圭进行友好访问。中国甘肃与乌拉是圭佛罗里达建立月省际友好关系 ka
Uruguay (official full name in Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay; Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika oɾjenˈtal ðel uɾuˈɣwai], Eastern Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.46 million people,[1] of which 1.7 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area.
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It is bordered by Brazil to the north, by Argentina acros和s the bank of both the Uruguay River to the west and the es 北美枫jtuary of Río de la Plata to the southwest, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Its surface is 176.215 km我为o² being by its territoreial extension the second smallest country in South Americ北美文学网a, larger only than Suriname an月d the French overseas department of French Guiana.国
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Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Uruguay won its independence in 1825-1828 following a three-way struggle between Spain, Argentina and Brazil. It is a constitutional democracy, where the president fulfills the roles of both head of state and head of government.春
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The economy is largely based on agriculture (making up 10% of GDP and the most substantial export) and the state sector, Uruguay's economy is on the whole more stable than in its surrounding states, and it maintains a solid reputation with investors. 国这
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According to Transparency International, Uruguay is the second least corrupt country in Latin America (after Chile),[2] with its political and labor conditions being among the freest on the continent.
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In November 2007 it became the first Latin American country and the second in all of the Americas to recognize same-sex civil unions at the national level. [3]f了
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94.6% of the population are of European descent[4]. Just under half of the population are declared Roman Catholics. However, the majority of Uruguayans are only nominally religious.天 A
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The name m"Uruguay" comes from Guaraní. It has many possible meanings. Some of the proposed xmeanings are:北美枫ii 1j
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"River of the uru" or "River of the country of the uru": a version attributed to Felix de Azara, which suggests that the name of the country comes from the word urú, which means "bird" in the vicinity of the Uruguay River (from uru = "bird", gua = "place of", and y = "water").[5] 3无f上
"River of colorful or 'painted' chinchillas (birds)": poetic interpretation attributed to Juan Zorrilla de San Martín. e 有中
"River of those who bring food": an anonymous version which has been popularized since the discovery of an old document written by Jesuit Lucas Marton. Au
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History
Main article: History of Uruguay 一r
The inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were various tribes of hunter gatherer native Americans, the most well known being the Charrúa Indians, a small tribe driven south by the Guaraní Indians of Paraguay. The population is estimated at no more than 5,000 to 10,000.[6]o大
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The Plaza Independencia ("Independence Square"), in Montevideo, hosts the tomb of José Artigas, late leader of the Provincia Oriental and the Liga Federal. In front of the square, the Palacio Salvo can be seen.Europeans arrived in the territory of present-day Uruguay in the year 1536, but the absence of gold and silver limited settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries. Uruguay became a zone of contention between the Spanish and the Portuguese empires. In 1603 the Spanish began to introduce cattle, which became a source of wealth in the region.[7] The first permanent settlement on the territory of present-day Uruguay was founded by the Spanish in 1624 at Villa Soriano on the south-western coast of the Río Negro. In 1680 the Portuguese built a fort at Colonia del Sacramento.[8] Spanish colonization increased as Spain s和ought to limit Portugal's expansion of y生Br的azi 北美枫上l's frontiers.n北美枫t人
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Another segment of colonial Uruguay's population consisted of people of African descent. Colonial Uruguay's African community grew in number as its members escaped harsh treatment in Buenos Aires. Many relocated to Montevideo, which had a larger black community, seemed lest hostile politically than Buenos Aires, and had a more favorable climate with lower humidity.们
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As a province of the Viceroyalty of La Plata, colonial Ur和uguay was known as the Banda Oriental, or "Eastern Strip", referring to its location east of the Rio Uruguay. The inhabitants called themselves Orientales ("Easternersg"), a term they still commonly use to refer to 不themselves.
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Uruguay's capital, Montevideo, was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold; its natural harbor soon developed into a commercial center competing with Argentina's capital, Buenos Aires. Uruguay's early 19th century history was shaped by ongoing conflicts between the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and colonial forces for dominance in the Argentina-Brazil-Uruguay region.[9] In 1806 and 1807, the British army attempted to seize Buenos Aires as part of their War with Spain. As a result, at the beginning of 1807, Montevideo was occupied by a 10,000-strong British force who held it until the middle of the year when they left to attack Buenos Aires.B上t
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The Uruguayans' road to independence was much longer than those of other countries in the Americas. Early efforts at attaining independence focused on overthrow of Spanish rule, a process begun by Jose Gervasio Artigas in 1811 when he led his forces to victory against the Spanish in the battle of Las Piedras on May 18, 1811. In 1816, Portuguese troops invaded present-day Uruguay, which led to its eventual annexation by Brazil in 1821 under the provincial name, Provincia Cisplatina. On April 19, 1825, thirty-three Uruguayan exiles led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja returned from Buenos Aires to lead an insurrection in Uruguay with the help of Argentine troops. They were known as the Treinta y Tres Orientales. Their actions inspired representatives from Uruguay to meet in Florida, a town in the recently liberated area, where they declared independence from Portugal (and therefore Brazil) on August 25, 1825. Uruguayan independence was not recognized by its neighbors until 1828, after the Argentina-Brazil War, when Britain, in search of new commercial markets, brokered peace between Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.[10] 生A sA
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Río de la Pla l他ta in 1603. 们大来
Politics4
Main article: 1山Politics of Uruguay风
Uruguay's politics take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Uruguay is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive branch is exercised by the government. Legislative branch is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the General Assembly of Uruguay. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.自
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For most of Uruguay's history, the Partido Colorado has been the government. The other "traditional" party of Uruguay, Partido Blanco, having ruled only twice. The Partido Blanco has its roots in the countryside and the original settlers of Spanish origin and the cattle ranchers. The Partido Colorado has its roots in the port city of Montevideo, the new immigrants of Italian origin and the backing of foreign interests. The Partido Colorado built a welfare state financed by taxing the cattle revenue and giving state pickles and free services to the new urban immigrants which became dependent on the state.[citation needed] The elections of 2004, however, brought the Frente Amplio, a coalition of socialists, former Tupamaros, former communists and mainly social democrats among others to govern with majorities in both houses of parliament and the election of President Tabaré Vázquez by an absolute majority.
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The Reporters Without Borders worldwide press freedom index has ranked Uruguay as 57th of 168 reported countries in 2006.[11]j
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According to Freedom House, an American organization that tracks global trends in political freedom, Uruguay ranked twenty-seventh in its "Freedom in the World" index. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Uruguay scores a 7.96 on the Democracy Index, located in the last position among the 28 countries considered to be Full Democracies in the world. The report looks at 60 indicators across five categories: Free elections, civil liberties, functioning government, political participation and political culture.[12]不f 有春
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Uruguay ranks 28th in the World CPI (Corruption Perception Index) composed by Transparency International.[13]0
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Uruguay has an impressive legacy of artistic and literary traditions, especially for its small size. The contribution of its alternating conquerors and diverse immigrants has resulted in native traditions that integrate this diversity. Uruguay has centuries old remains, fortresses of the colonial era. Its cities have a rich architectural heritage and an impressive number of writers, artists, and musicians. Uruguayan tango is the form of dance that originated in the neighborhoods of Montevideo, Uruguay towards the end of the 1800s. Tango, candombe, and murga are the three main styles of music in this city. g dA
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The Uruguayan constitution allows citizens to repeal laws or to change the constitution, by referendum. During the last 15 years the method has been used several times; to confirm a law renouncing prosecution of members of the military who violated human rights during the military regime (1973-1985), to stop privatization of public utilities companies (See Economy: Public Sector), to defend pensioners' incomes, and to protect water resources.[citation needed]f天
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Departments天
Main article: Departments of Uruguay个u
Uruguay consists of nineteen departments (departamentos, singular "departamento"). The first departments were formed in 1816 and the newest date from 1885 which is Flores. The departments are governed by an intendente municipal who is elected for five years. The members of the Departmental Assembly (Junta Departamental) form the legislative level of the department.[citation needed]年d无 8要
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Department Area (square kilometres) Population* Capital v
Artigas 11,928 78,019 Artigas 是
Canelones 4,536 485,028 Canelones v 日o
Cerro Largo 13,648 86,564 Melo fo
Colonia 6,106 119,266 Colon2ia del Sacramento e了
Durazno 11,643 58k,859 Durazno qx
Flores 5,144 25,104人生C Trinidad 中z
Floridma 10,以417 68,181 Flo 6qrida j
Lavalleja 10,016 60,925 Minas 要Bu
Maldonado 4,793 140,192 Maldonado sD北美枫小r
Montevideo 530 1,326,064 Montevideo 风
Paysandú 13,922 113,244 Paysandú 以上
Río Negro 9,282 53,989 Fray Bentos yy
Rivera 9,370 104,921 Rivera e
Rocha 10,551 69,937 Rocha t花要
Salto 14,163 123,120 Salto s日 北美枫无
San José 4,992 103,104 San José de Mayo 他
Soriano 9,008 84,563 Mercedes j他
Tacuaremb月ó 15,438 90,489 Tacuaregmbó z是
Treinta y Tres 9,676 49,318 Treinta y Tres 天
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Geography 国
Main article: Geography of Uruguay v
At 176,214 square kilometres (68,036 square miles) of continental land and 142,199 square kilometres (54,903 sq mi) of jurisdictional waters and small river islands,[14] Uruguay is the second smallest sovereign nation in South America (after Suriname) and the third smallest territory (French Guiana is the smallest). The landscape features mostly rolling plains and low hill ranges (cuchillas) with a fertile coastal lowland. A dense fluvial network covers the country, consisting of four river basins or deltas; the Río de la Plata, the Uruguay River, the Laguna Merín and the Río Negro. The major internal river is the Río Negro ('black river'). Several lagoons are found along the Atlantic coast.Dw山
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The highest point in the country is the Cerro Catedral at 513.66 meters (1,685 ft 3 in) in the Sierra de Carapé mountain range. To the southwest is the Río de la Plata, the estuary of the Uruguay River, which forms the western border, and the Paraná River, that does not run through Uruguay itself.[citation needed]大
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Uruguay shares borders with Argentina and Brazil. 8生他
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Uruguay River to the west and Río de la Plata in the south. A天
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Chuy Stream 13 kilometres (8.1 mi), straight line (Chuy) 8.7 kilometres (5.4 mi), San Miguel Stream 13 km (8.1 mi), Merín Lagoon, 280.1 km (174 mi) Yaguarón River, 142.4 km (88.5 mi), Yaguarón 'Chico' River 18.5 km (11.5 mi), 'Arrollo de la Mina' Stream 20.4 km (12.7 mi), Aceguá straight line 37.2 km (23.1 mi), San Luis Stream 31.3 km (19.4 mi), North Branch of the San Luis Stream 3.6 km (2.2 mi), Straight line 8 km (5 mi), 'Cañada del Cementerio' 4 km (2.5 mi), Straight lines 0.6 km (0.4 mi), 'Cuchilla de Santa Ana' SE 168.5 km (104.7 mi), Rivera-Livramento 4.8 km (3 mi), 'Cuchilla de Santa Ana' 20.8 km (12.9 mi), 'Cuchilla Negra' 4189.3 km (2603.1 mi), 'Arrollo de la Invernada' Stream 37.8 km (23.5 mi), Cuareim River 313.4 km (194.7 mi)[15] 要
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The climate in Uruguay is temperate: it has warm summers and cold winters. The predominantly gently undulating landscape is also somewhat vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts. It receives the periodic influence of the polar air in winter, and tropical air from Brazil in summer. Without mountains in zone that act as a barrier, the air masses freely move by the territory, causing abrupt weather changes.天0
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The coolest month is June, while the warmest is January. The rainfall is equally distributed throughout the year, but tends to be a bit more frequent in the autumn months. There can be frequent thunderstorms in the summer. Although snow is not very common, it snowed in 1913, 1918, 1963, 1989, 1992, and 2007.[citation needed]n们时是
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Playa Brava in Punta del Este, Uruguay v说国x
Enclaves and exclaves 国们
Since 1984 Uruguay has the Antarctic base "General Artigas" on King George Island in Antarctica, part of the South Shetland Islands archipelago, at 62°11′04″S, 58°54′09″W, some 100 km (62 mi) from the Antarctic peninsula itself.[citation needed] Ao
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Economy了
Main article: Economy of U3年druguayj
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Montevideo, Uruguay's capital.Uruguay has a middle income economy, mainly dominated by the State services sector, an export-oriented agricultural sector and an industrial sector. Uruguay relies heavily on trade, particularly in agricultural exports, leaving the country particularly vulnerable to slumps in commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. After averaging growth of 5% annually in 1996-1998, in 1999-2001 the economy suffered from lower demand in Argentina and Brazil, which together account for nearly half of Uruguay's exports. Despite the severity of the trade shocks, Uruguay's financial indicators remained stabler than those of its neighbours, a reflection of its solid reputation among investors and its investment-grade sovereign bond rating — one of only two in South America.[16] In recent years Uruguay has shifted some of its energy into developing the commercial use of technologies and has become the first exporter of software in Latin America.[17] 北美枫和他
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While some parts of the economy appeared to be resilient, the downturn had severe impact on the local population. Unemployment levels rose to more than 20%, real wages fell, the peso devalued. These worsening economic conditions played a part in turning public opinion against the mildly free market economic policies adopted by the previous administrations in the 1990s, leading to the popular rejection of proposals for privatization of the state petroleum company in 2003 and of the state water company in 2004. The newly elected Frente Amplio government, while pledging to continue payments on Uruguay's external debt,[18] has also promised to undertake a Emergency Plan (See section:Social Problems Poverty and inequality) to attack the widespread problems of poverty and unemployment.[19]人小人
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Agriculture如来
Main article: Agriculture of Uruguay Ay
Agriculture played such an important part in Uruguayan himstory and national identity until the middle of the twentie 一Dth century that the entire country was then sometimes likened to a single huge estancia (agricultural estat9e) centred aro了B不und 1大lMontevideo, where the wealthz generated in the hinterland was spent, at its casco or adzministrative h 一有ead. 国
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A heartland of historic estancias: Estancia San Eugenio, 有6Casupá, southern department of Florida.Today, agriculture 如contributes r d以oughly 11% to the country’s GDP and is still the main for r9eign exchange earner, putting Uruguay in line with other ag何上Dricultural exporters like Brazil, Canzada and New Zealand. Ur何1sugu rjay is a member of the Cairns Group of exporters of agricult小ural products. Uruguay’s agriculture has relatively low i k他nputs of labor, technology and capital in comparison with o 来0ther such countries, which results in comparatively lower yields per hectare but also opens the door for Uruguay to ma7rket its products as "小natural" or "ecological."北美文学网o
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Campaigns like “Uruguayan grass-fed beef” and “Uruguay Natural” aim to establish Uruguay as a premium brand in beef, wine and other food products.[citation needed] 北美枫们
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Recently, an industry has developed around estancia tourism which capitalizes on the traditional or folkloristic connotations associated with gaucho culture and the remaining resources of Uruguay's historic estancias.上 lr
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Demographics 北美文学网f
Main article: Demographics of Uruguay ds
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People in Montevideo, Uruguay 个0
Queen of Colonia Valdense 12th annual celebrationThe overwhelming majority of Uruguay's population is of predominantly white European descent: Spaniards, and Italians being the most prevalent, followed by French, Germans, Portuguese, British, Swiss, Russians, Poles, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians, Lebanese, Israeli, Dutch, Belgians, Croatians, Austrians, Serbians, Greeks, Scandinavians, Irish, Romanians, and Armenians. There are also numbers of Argentines, Chileans, Paraguayans, Brazilians, Bolivians, Israeli, and Lebanese. According to the 2006 National Survey of Homes by the Uruguayan National Institute of Statistics: 94.6% chose European ancestry, 9.1% chose Afro/Black ancestry, and 4.5% chose native-American ancestry (people surveyed were allowed to choose more than one option).[4]了9
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Many of the European immigrants arrived in Uruguay in the late 1800s and have heavily influenced the architecture and culture of Montevideo and other major cities. For this reason, Montevideo and life within the city are reminiscent of parts of Europe.[20]春4
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Some colonies such as Colonia Valdense -a Waldensian colony-, Colonia Suiza -also named Nueva Helvecia- a mainly Swiss colony with some German and Austrian settlers, were founded in the department of Colonia. There are also towns founded by early British settlers such as Conchillas and Barker. A Russian colony called San Javier was founded in the department of Río Negro. Mennonite colonies can also be found in the department of Río Negro and in the department of Canelones. One of them, called El Ombú, is famous for its well-known Dulce de Leche "Claldy" and is located near the city of Young.花自了
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Uruguay has a large urban middle class and a literacy rate of 96.79% (1996 est).[21] During the 1970s and 1980s, an estimated 600,000 Uruguayan他s emigrated, mainly to Spain, Italy, Argentina and Brazil. 来Other Uruguayans went to various countries in Euro是pe, to the USA, Canada, and Australia.不9
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Uruguay's oldest church is in San Carlos, Maldonado.Main article: Religion in Uruguayy
Church and state are officially separated since 1919. According to the 2006 National Survey of Homes by the Uruguayan National Institute of Statistics: 47.1% of Uruguayans define themselves as Roman Catholic, 23.2% as "believing in God but without religion", 17.2% as Atheist or Agnostic, 11.1% "Non-Catholic Christian" (Protestant), 0.6% as followers of Umbanda or other "afro" religions, 0.3% as Jewish, and 0.4% chose "Other".[22]D天
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The majority of Uruguayans do not actively practice religion. It is widely considered the most secular nation in Latin America.[citation needed]天h9
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Social月 Issues小他
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According to data published by the United Nations, the Gini index for Uruguay was 0.449 in 2003, where 1.00 stands for maximum inequality and 0 for even distribution of the wealth between the population.[23]月是
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A recent report[24] used 2 indicators to estimate the number of people living in poverty in the country.北美枫
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Indigence line: income of the family is not这 enough for 一在 the basic food co北美枫btnsumption. snz年
Poverty line: income of the family is not enough for food consumption, clothing, health and transport.
The numbers obtained depends according with the methodology used, the inform uses 3 different methods. According to the one proposed by the Regional Workshop about poverty measurement in 1996, which produces the highest values of all, the results for the first quarter of 2006 are:jz
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Population below Indigence line: 3.01%y大
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Population below Poverty line: 18%yx
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The reports shows the indicators are improving as the country is recovering from the last 2002 crisis; in 2004, poverty indicators reached an all time high.[25] 有无 dB
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A new ministry of Social Development was created by the Broad Front (Uruguay) (Frente Amplio) government led by Tabare Vazquez, and an Emergency plan which targets the less favoured 200.000 Uruguayans. 8个上
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The average income of a woman in 2002 in Uruguay was 71.8% of the income of men for the same activity.[26] The average income of African heritage workers is 65% of that of those of European heritage.[27]oz
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Montevideo, capital of the country. A view of pedestrian street in the Ciudad Vieja, former Spanish citadelAlthough rents in neighborhoods not in high demand are not very expensive in Uruguay, it is usually required to have another property as a warranty for the contract, or leave a deposit which many can not afford. This first condition makes renting a property especially difficult for the least favoured sectors of the population. According to the INE 23, 3% of the population lives in a place neither owned nor rented. Some of them are proper built houses, but others are precarious constructions built illegally in public or private empty land just outside the cities. Thus, whole new poor neighborhoods have emerged in the last decades. They are called Asentamientos or more colloquially Cantegriles in ironic allusion to the fashionable Neighborhood of Cantegril in Punta del Este. The phenomena is similar to the Favelas in Brazil, Villas Miseria in Argentina, Barrios in Venezuela, Arrabales in Spain, Poblaciones Callampa in Chile or Jacales in Mexico.不说C
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Sport年山中
The main sport in Uruguay is foomtball. The Uruguay national football team is one of only fi自ve nations to win the FIFA World Cup on two or more occasions. In 1930, Uruguay hosted the first ever World Cup and we 来个nt on to win the competition, defeating Argentina 4-2 in th Cpe final. Uruguay won the 1950 FIFA World Cup as well, famou 生自sly defeating the favored hosts, Brazil9, 2-1 in the final. Uruguay is by far the smallest country, population wise, to win a World Cup. Out of the World Cup fp8winners, the nation with the second smallest population is 是Argentina (winners of the 1978 and 1986 editions) who curre山日国ntly have just over 40,000,000 people according to the latezst estimate; the 2002 census has Uruguay's current population 一中slightly under 3,400,000. The Uruguay national team has als 北美枫ro won the Copa América 14 different times, a record it shares with Argentina. 6时春
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The most popular football teams in Uruguay are Club Nacional de Football (Three times World champions, three times Copa Libetadores de América champions, two times Copa Interamericana champions, one time Recopa Sudamericana champions) and Club Atlético Peñarol (Three times World champions, five times Copa Libertadores de América champions), followed by Defensor, Danubio (last Uruguayan champion). Uruguay has had many great known players such as Enzo Francescoli and Currently known now Alvaro Recoba and Diego Forlan (UEFA golden boot winner).来不c
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Basketball, Rugby, and tennis are other popula 生为r sport是s in Uruguay. g
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International rankings 国北美枫以何
Political and econ 有qomic rankings 自e
GDP per capita - 60th highest, at I$11,969 不他和
Human Development Index - 46th high, at 0.852 x 生b
Income Equality 有t - , at 0.449 (Gini Index) e我1
Literacy Rate - 51st, at 97.7% 一k
Unemployment rate - 112th, at 8.70% h9C
Health rankings s一o
Fertility rate- 139th most fertile, at 1.人eb97 per woman 何大8i
Birth rate - 157th most births, at 13.91 per 1000 people t北美枫
Infant mortality - 128th most deaths, at 1 per 1000 live births AC
Death rate - 84th highest death rate, at 9.16 per 1000 people 来如
Life Expectancy - 47th highest, at 和76.4 years n
Suicide Rate - 24th highest suicide rate, at 15.1 for males and 6.4 for females per 100,000 people 花6
HIV/AIDS rate - 108th most cases, at 0.30% w9t
Other rankings 和
CO2 emissions - 125th highest emissions, at 1.65 tonnes per capita 为风k
Electricity Consumption - 88th highest consumption of electricity, at 7,762,000,000 kWh D 国
Broadband Internet access - no data 要 何
Global Peace Index - 21th highest peace rate in 2008 上在
Comparative ranking by index 的3在c
Index (Year) Author / Editor / Source Year of说l为
publication Countries 8们9
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Ranking (1) Ranno了king北美文学网这
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Human Poverty, HPI-1 (2005)(3) United Nations (UNDP)[29] 2007-08 108 2º 1º Do
Poverty below $2 a day (1990-2005)(4) United Nations (UNDP)[30] 2007-08 71 3º 2º g以
Global Peace (2008) The Economist[31] 2008 140 21º 2º 是D
Democracy (2006) The Economist[32] 2007 167 27º 2º 上
Corruption Perception (2006) Transparency International[33] 2007 163 28º 2º v
Press Freedom (2007) Reporters Without Borders[34] 2007 169 37º 2º e
Human Development (2005) United Nations (UNDP)[35] 2007-08 177 46º 3º 我全的
Economic Freedom (2008) The Wall Street Journal[36] 2008 157 46º 3º 上上
Quality-of-life (2005) The Economist[37] 2007 111 46º 6º k
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness (2008) World Economic Forum[38] 2008 1如30 61º 7º 全ykwh
Global Competitiviness (2007) World Economic Forum[39] 2007-08 131 75º 8º 日s3了5
Income inequality (1989-2007)(5) United Nations (UNDP)[40] 2007-2008 126 88º 2º v
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(1) Worldwide ranking among countrinB中es evaluated. 8m
(2) Ranking among the 20 Latin American countries. 一C
(3) Ranking among 108 developing countries with available data only. 的
(4) Ranking among 71 developing countries with available data only. Countries in the sample suveyed between 1990-2005. Refers to population below income poverty line as define by the World Bank's $2 per day indicator 天 北美枫B
(5) Because the Gini coefficient used for the ranking cor说的1responds to different years depending of the country, and the underlying household surveys differ in method and in the来 type of data collected, the distribution data are not strictly comparable yy across countries. The ranking there中fore is only a proxy for reference purposes, and though the source is the same, the sample is smaller than for the HDI 天w要
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Referencest 何
^ a b c CIA - The World Factbook - Uruguay 一 生p
^ Transparency.org. 个要
^ Uruguay Passes Civil-Union Law at San Francisco Bay Times (December 6, 2007) D
^ a b Extended National Household Survey, 2006: Ancestry (pdf) (Spanish). National Institute of Statistics.
^ Etimología del Uruguay gj
^ Urugouay :: Ear何和aly period - Britannic天a Online Encyclopedia 来是
^ Uruguay :: Early period - Britannica Online Encyclopedia 以3为春
^ Colonia del Sacramento, or Colonia, or Colônia do Sacramento (Uruguay) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia 不l 日年
^ History of U全RUGUAY t
^ Embassy of the United States of America - Montevideo, Uruguay 春m
^ http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=639 Report 来1ers Without Borders W1他yorldwide Press Free 6udom Inndex 2006 北美文学网我7
^ The Economist, The北美文学网 world in 2007, A Pause in democracy'小s malrch Page 93 3国年
^ 2006/cpi/surveys_indices/policy_research 一
^ Uruguay in Numbers (pdf) (Spanishk). Natio 一风nal Institute7 of Statistics. 生上e
^ Servicio Geografico Militar f来
^ http://gosouthamerica.about.com/library/blUrurfactpage.htm About.com: Go South America, based on information from the CIA World Factbook. c 80
^ Diego Stewart, Building out: Uruguay exports architectural services to India and Latin America," in Latin Trade, May 2005. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
^ Michael Fox, Uruguay's Frente Amplio: From Revolution to Dilution, June 19, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2007. v年mh
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1229360.stm (See leaders, President Tabare Vazquez 'On taking office he announced a $100m emergency plan to help the poor ' f
^ Introduction r是
^ Education (pdf) (Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. 个y
^ Extended National Household Survey, 2006: Religion (pdf) (Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. 天时
^ http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indic 北美枫风_126_2_2.html 小2
^ Poverty and Inequality in Uruguay, 2006 (pdf) (Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. d8年国z
^ undp.org[dead link] 9
^ Work and Poverty (pdf) (Spanish). Nationa 来ql Institute中 of Statit6在stics. j自
^ Study on Race (pdf) (Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. 9u
^ http://minnesotauruguaypartners.org/ 春他
^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. Table 3: Human poverty index: developing countries. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. page 240 北美文学网
^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. Table 3: Human poverty index: developing countries. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. page 238-240 wf和
^ The Economist Intelligence Unit et. a4l. (Vision of Humanity website). Global Peace Index Rankingzs.D Retrieved on 2008-05-28. u 8以
^ The Economist Intelligence Unit. The World in 2007, Democracy Index 2006. Retrieved on 2008-03-13. 上C
^ Transparency International. Global Corruption Report 20人BD07. Retrieved全he on 2008-03-11. 北美枫7Co
^ You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.Reporters Without Borders. . Retrieved on 2008-03-13. 我不上
^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. Table 1: Human年日的 development index. Retrieved on 2008上-03-11. 81们春
^ The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. Index of Economic Freedom 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-14. 不so
^ The Economist Intelligence Unit. Pocket World in Figures 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-13. f 何
^ World Economic Forum (2008). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. v年月a
^ World Economic Forum. The Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 要个
^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. Inequality in income or expenditure. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.s
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